T  a  » 


STANDARD  SPELLKii,, 


OONTAIMINO 


EXERCISES  FOR  ORAL  SPELLING; 


SENTENCES   FOR   SILENT    SPELLING 


DICTATION. 


BT 

EPES    SAR6i^'V. 


1^ 


03 


0  ir  V   L.  s 


!| 


•^ 


IN  MEMOmAIA 
George   Davidson 


EDUCATION  DiCPT. 


Professor  of  Geography 
University  of  California 


\ 


^ 


STANMRD  SPELLER; 

EXERCISES  FOR  ORAL  SPELLING  X^ 


ALSO. 


SENTENCES   FOR   SILENT    SPELLING 


BY  WRITING  FROM  DICL\TIOK. 


2*    vVniCH   THE    RKPRESENTATH-E  WORDS   AND  THE  ANUMALOC8  WUR 
"^F  TUK  KNGMSII   LANGUAGE  ARE  SO  CLASSIFIED  AS  TO  INDICATH 
THEIR   rRONUXCIATIOX,  AND  TO  HE  FIXED  IN  TUK 
MEMORY   BY    ASSOCIATION. 


BY 

EPES    SARGENT, 

&'OTaOR  OF   -'THB  STANDAHIi   HPKAKKR,"    AN'D   THS  STASDABD  SEBICS   OF   BEADEEa 


BOSTON: 
JOHN   L.   SHOREY. 

NEW    YOJ.IK: 

W.    I.    POOLEY    &    CO. 

1870. 


r^,,j^,/Z 


Kntrrcd  Hcciirding  to  Art  of  (■ODgresd.  iu  tlw  year  eigbtecu  hntxired  and  iiitj-<iix.  t^ 
Epes  Saug jnt.  In  the  Clerk »  Otilce  of  f>.p  District  Court  of  the  Uulad  SUtM  fot  tbt 
Disirict  of  Masftachoaetis. 


PEEFACE 


Since  we  Icani  tlie  orthograpliy  of  words  mainly  in  oid*^*  to  be 
lole  to  write  tlicm  correctly,  it  is  matter  for  surprise  that  tlic  practice 
of  silunt  spelling  by  writing  words  from  dictation  is  not  resorted  to 
more  generally  in  instruction.  Experienced  teachers  are  well  aware 
that  many  learners  will  spell  a  word  orally  with  accuracy,  who,  if 
they  had  Ixsen  made  to  write  it,  would  have  blundered.  In  England, 
aa  we  learn  from  Mr.  G.  F  Graham,  author  of  an  improved  manual 
of  English  Spelling,  '*  the  old  practice  of  making  pupils  repeat  words 
arranged  in  columns  is  now  nearly  superseded  by  tlie  far  preferable 
plan  of  Dictation  Exercises."  Mr.  Smart,  the  eminent  lexicographer 
remarks,  that  "  tiic  ordinary,  and  perhaps  the  shortest  way  of  learn < 
ing  spelling  is  ly  the  eye,  in  the  same  manner  that  we  learn  pronun- 
ciation by  the  car."  Tho  testimony  of  many  eminent  American 
teachers  in  support  of  these  conclusions  might  be  quoted. 

The  preseiit  voiiime  has  been  prepared  with  the  view  of  combining 
the  advantages  of  oral  spelling  with  silent  spelling,  by  writing.  Some 
simple  introductory  exercises  arc  first  given,  followed  by  sentences 
for  writing,  some  of  which  are  in  script  type,  that  may  be  transcribed 
by  pupils  re'(uiring  the  practice. 

In  l*art  Second,  wonJs  for  oral  spelling  arc  classifiea  according 
to  their  prominent  elementary  vowel  sounds.  Following  these  are 
classes  of  words  illustrating  tho  vowel  sounds  in  unaccented  syllablea, 
penultimate  and  final,  and  the  difficult  consonant  sounds  and  iubsti 
tutes.  These  are  followed  by  exercises  on  words  containing  silent 
letters  ;  on  Jiomophonous  words  ;  Rules  for  Spelling  ;  won-ls  alike  in 
form,  but  diifering  in  accent ;  Prefixes  and  Affixes  ;  tho  contractions 
in  common  use ;  tlie  singular  and  plural  forms  of  the  pcsscssivo 
case,  &c 

For  convenience  of  reference,  the  words  for  spelling,  presented  in 
large  type,  are  in  alphabetical  order ;  and  the  teacher  will  not  uae 


M2«Ql>Qr! 


£V  PREFACE 

the  book  long  before  ho  will  find  the  great  advantages  of  tliia  in 
enal»lin«r  him  to  turn  readily  to  a  given  worJ.  In  copying  the  die 
tit  ion  excrcisei?,  tlie  pupil  can  jvlways  8;iti8fy  hiniRcif  in  regard  to  the 
pronunciation  or  syllahicjition  of  an  exemplifying  word,  by  referring 
to  it  in  the  paragraph  of  a  corresponding  numljcr  in  large  type.  Or- 
thoepy and  orthography  are  thus  simultaneously  tiught,  as  they 
should  be,  and  this  without  resort  to  arbitrary  marks  and  figures 
which  are  either  not  heedod  at  all,  or  are  a  stumbling-block  and  a 
mystification  tc  the  young.  A  few  italicized  letters  are  all  that  are 
used  to  indicate  one  of  tne  dual  sounds  of  ^,  n,  5,  and  ih,  or  the 
presence,  in  a  few  instances,  of  a  silent  letter. 

It  has  been  objected  by  some  one  to  the  system  of  classification 
that  it  makes  spelling  "  too  easy  and  mechanical  a  process ;  "  that 
the  learner  having  a  formula  for  an  entire  class  of  words,  or  for  the 
most  difficult  portions  of  tliem,  may  trust  too  much  to  the  key  thus 
supplied  to  his  memory,  and  not  give  suflficient  attention  to  the  spell- 
ing of  each  particular  word.  Abundant  experiev.oe  has  proved  that 
the  objection  is  imaginary  and  fallacious.  Any  system  by  ^nich  we 
render  a  difficult  task  less  difficult  must,  in  tho  nature  of  tnings,  bo 
an  advantage.  By  chissification  wo  fix  an  object  in  the  memory,  by 
making  it  one  of  a  group,  instead  of  an  isolated  anomaly.  In  using 
the  present  work,  tlie  skillful  teacher  will,  moreover,  by  frequent 
reviews,  and  by  skipping  from  one  class  of  words  to  another,  make  the 
exorcises  as  miscellaneous  as  can  be  desired,  after  the  way  ha»J>een 
Bmoothed  by  classification. 

In  instances  where  authorities  differ  in  regard  to  the  spelling  of 
words,  we  have  generally  presented  both  Webster's  and  Walker'* 
orthography ;  giving  precedence  to  that  of  the  former,  as  more  sane- 
ticned  l)y  usiige  in  the  United  States.  It  is  obvious  that  the  fact  ot 
tho  existing  variance  ought  to  be  made  familiar  to  the  young  ;  bul 
the  teacher  is  left  at  liberty  to  enjoin  upon  his  pupils  whichever  mode 
ho  may  prefer. 

Tlie  [>lan  adopted  in  soms  spelling-books,  of  arranging  columns  of 
words  of  cognate  signification  as  synonyms,  has  not,  for  good  reasons, 
been  followed.  In  nine  CJises  out  of  ten  tho  words  pi-escnted  as  such 
arc  not  strictly  synnnymcis  ;  and  tiie  young  learner,  fiX)m  l)eing 
tanght  80  to  regard  them,  acquires  a  hal>it  of  coi.fouuUing  snodcs  of 
lifiFiM-ence,  fatal  to  precision  in  the  use  of  language. 

In  the  syllabication  of  words,  we  have  aimed  at  exhibiting  then 
roots,  prefixi«,  and  affixes,  as  far  as  this  can  U  done^  without  mislead 
■  ng  the  learner  as  to  the  pronunciation.     In  effeoting  this  desirabk 


PREFACE.  V 

oompromiae,  perfect  consistency,  as  all  lexicographers  admit,  canno 
be  attained. 

Diflcrent  modes  of  using  the  exercises  have  been  employed  witli 
success.  The  t?aoher  may  give  out  an  entire  sentence  from  the  die* 
tiition  exercises,  and  require  pupils  to  spell  every  word  orally  ;  or  lie 
may  require  them  to  copy  the  sentential  exercises  several  times  on  a 
slate,  and  then  to  write  them  down  from  dictation.  If  the  learner  is 
Buflieicntly  advanced,  he  may  be  directed  to  form  sentences  himself, 
containing  the  words  presented  in  large  type.  The  black-board  may 
be  used  with  good  eliect  in  drilling  a  class.  Words  may  be  written, 
divided  by  hyphens,  the  accented  syllables  marked,  and  a  linedrawD 
through  the  silent  letters,  should  there  be  any.  A  pupil  may  bo 
called  upon  to  do  this  ;  and  should  he  make  an  error,  other  members 
of  the  class  may  indicate  it  in  any  manner  the  teacher  may  prefer.  It 
may  be  well  to  vary  the  mode  of  instruction,  in  order  to  keep  the 
attention  awake,  and  give  the  attraction  of  varisty  to  lessons. 

The  mere  reading  of  the  sentential  exercises,  in  accustoming  the 
eye  to  the  form  and  length  of  words,  will  be  found  a  most  important 
aid  in  fixing  the  orthography  in  the  memory  ;  and  if  these  exercises 
were  used  in  no  other  way,  they  would  still  be  valuable  adjuncts  to 
the  8peHing-)x)ok. 

Ilomophonous  words  present  some  of  the  greatest  difficulties  to 
young  learners;  and  the  list  of  such  words,  with  exercises  upon  them, 
\n\\  be  found  unusuaily  complete  in  this  work.  Their  meaning  is 
generally  sufficiently  indicated  in  the  sentences  in  which  they  are 
introduced. 

The  power  of  the  accentual  mark,  of  the  hyphen,  &c.,  should  Ih) 
thoroughly  explained  to  the  learner  before  he  enters  upon  words  of 
more  than  one  syllable.  It  will  be  seen  that  where  the  accent  is 
used  the  hyphen  is  omitted  as  superfluous ;  the  accentual  mark  indi- 
cating not  only  the  accent,  but  the  syllabic  division.  In  words  where 
tlic  accent  falls  on  the  last  syllable,  the  accentual  mark  is  generally 
omitted,  as  its  omission  after  the  preceding  syllable  or  syllablee 
sufficiently  shows  Iriat  th3  accent  must  necessarily  fall  on  tlie  last 
By  liable 

1* 


TaKL  Ni   OP    THE    ELEMENT aHY    SOUNDS    IN  THE 
KXGLISir  LANGUAGE 


VOWEL 

SOUNDS. 

1 

»1iatofff  in  f//ther. 

i. 

That  of  I  in  f/L 

2. 

<i 

«    '•  f./t. 

8. 

'♦      0  "  not* 

B. 

<i 

a  ••  f(/te. 

9. 

••      0  ••  net. 

1. 

«« 

«   "  fall. 

10. 

«*      «  ••  l.»ll 

5. 

e  "  mpte. 

11. 

«♦    00  '*  fool. 

{ 

c  •♦  met. 

12. 

*•      u  "  but 

VOWEL   OK   C0X80NANT  SOUNDS. 

8.    Tbfcl  n*  u?  in  wet.  \  14.    Tlia^  of  y  in  i«t 

CON'SOXAXT   SOUNDS. 

15.  That  of  V  *tx  Voi;  ar  aspirate,  or  simple  breathing. 
IG.  *'    v>y  *'   Vr'ijt  ajiasal  consonant  sountl. 

17.  **     V,  *•  »/.au,  ^  .'-quid  :j!ual  cousonaul  soup'i 

18.  "      11  •*  i,o\, 

VJ.  **      /  *'  /ct,  a  liaw'l  consonant  sound. 

20.  «*      r  "  run. 


COGNATE  CONPOwAn-,    80UKD3. 


•21 

22. 
23 
24. 
25. 
26. 
27. 
28. 


That  of/)  in  /ran, 

*♦  6  ♦'  Aag, 

**  V  **  rail, 

**  Ih  •'  //.in, 

"  //<  ♦♦  thmc, 

*♦  /  "  rin, 
••       (/  *'  ./:n. 


>  aspirate. 
5  vocal. 
)  aspii-:\te. 
5  vocal. 

a<[>initc. 

vocal. 
)  a'-[>irate. 
5  vccal. 


•20. 
80.' 
31. 
?>2. 
•ill. 
34. 


Chat  of  A'Sn  frinJ, 
"       y  "  i^un, 
•«       <  *•  sin, 
"       z  ••  leal, 
**      $h  "  s/jine, 
**      z  ••  az  ure, 


>  aspira 
5  vocal. 


aspirate. 


)  )  spnato 
\  vocal. 
a>pii-ateL 
vo'-ul. 


COMrOUND  VOWEL  SOUNDS. 

3.     That  of  OM  in  howsc. 


That  of  J*  in  p.n?. 
•'     «  *'  cube. 


COMPOUND  CONSON.\NT  SOUNDS. 
I.    That  of  cA  in  cAcst  (aspirate).  |      2.     Tliat  ofj  injcat  (voca:), 

MODIFIED  VOWEL  SOUNDS 


<i  long  before  r,  as  in  fi/re. 
a  iuteniiciliate,  **  f//st. 
«  sbfTi  and  obtuse,  **  l>fr. 
t         »*         *•  **     f/r. 

u        *♦         ♦•  ♦*     fwr. 

5       **        **  "    mj/rrh. 


7.  a  obscure,  as  in  rivoL 

8.  e         "  ••     bri<r. 

9.  »         •*  •♦     infinite. 
10.  0         •*  *•     actor. 
11  u        •«  *•     Bulphi. 


LETTERS,  WORDS,  AND  SENTENCES 


OrTHOcnArmr  treats  of  letters  and  syllables. 

The  English  alphabet  consists  of  twenty-sii:  lettcra 

Letters  arc  divided  into  vowels  and  consonants. 

A  vowel  is  a  letter  which  makes  by  itself  a  distinct  sound. 

A  conscnant  is  a  letter  which  cannot  bo  distinctly  sounded  without  a  ▼cwel. 

A,  ty  i,  >,  «,  aro  vowels.  IV  and  y  are  vowels  when  they  do  not  ^egia  a 
■rord  or  a- syllable      The  remaining  nineteen  letters  aro  consonants. 

U'  and  y  aro  consonants  when  they  begin  a  word  or  a  syllable. 

The  letters  c,  7,  and  x,  do  not  api)ear  in  the  preceding  Table  of  Sounds, 
because  as  representatives  of  sound  they  are  not  wanted  C  is  equivalent  to 
r  or  A-;  7,  to  kw;  x,  to  Iks.  For  instance,  the  words  city  and  can  are  respect- 
ively pronounced  sity  and  kan;  and  the  words  queen  and  box  are  respectively 
pronounced  kween  and  boks. 

Of  the  compound  sounds,  i  long  is  composed  of  the  first  and  fifth  elementary 
lounds  (the  a  in  father  and  the  e  in  me),  rapidly  combined  in  the  pronunci 
ation  ;  m  long,  of  the  seventh  and  eleventh  (the  i  in  fit  and  the  00  xnfool)  ;  oi, 
of  the  fourth  and  fifth  (the  a  in/ull  and  the  e  in  me).  Ch  is  the  sound  o£tsh: 
j,  o(  dzh  (the  twenty-eighth  and  thirty-fourth  elementary  sounds). 

The  union  of  two  vowels  in  one  sound  is  called  a  diphthony.  "When  both 
rowels  aro  heard  it  is  called  a  proper  diphthnwj  ;  as  oy,  in  boy.  "When  only 
one  of  the  vowels  is  heard  it  is  called  an  imjiroper  dipluhony  ;  as  oa  in  coat.  The 
unioi.  "^f  three  vowels  in  one  sound  is  called  a  trip/uhonj  ;  as  iew  in  view.  The 
diphthongs  «  and  «,  pronounced  like  «  long,  arc  used  sometimes  in  worda 
derived  from  the  Latin  ;  but  a  simple  e  is  now  generally  used  for  them  in 
English. 

A  difjraph  is  a  union  of  two  vowels,  or  of  two  consonants,  in  one  sound. 

A  syllable  is  a  single  sound  represented  by  one  or  more  letters  ^  as  a,  ar^f 
and.     In  every  syllable  there  must  bo  at  least  one  vowel  sound. 

A  word  of  one  syllable  is  called  a  monosyllable,  as  just ;  a  word  of  two  sylUb* 
bles,  a  dissyllable,  as  just'ice  ;  a  word  of  three  syllables,  a  trisylialle,  ai 
justi-fy  ;  a  word  of  more  than  three  syllables,  a  polysyllable,  as  jtmt-t  Ji- 
cation. 

An  elementary  sound  ii  ono  which  is  not  produced  by  the  union  of  any  two  si 
more  sounds. 

A  cofjnate  sound  is  one  related  to  another. 

An  asjiirate  sound  is  a  whispering  or  hissing  sound,  in  which  the  breath  if 
ohiefly  exercised.  A  vocal  sound  ia  one  which  is  produced  more  by  the  pure, 
natural  tone  of  the  voice. 

A  substitute  is  a  letter,  or  combination  of  letters,  repref enting  the  appropriaJ* 
jound  of  another  letter 


Vin  LETTERS,    WOADS,    AND    SENTENCES. 

By  an  tbscure  vowel  sound  wo  mean  ono  in  which  the  absence  of  aeoent 
makes  the  sound  less  exact.  The  eccond  a  in  madman  Las  an  cbscuro  soond 
of  short  a. 

A  simpie  word  is  one  that  is  not  compounded  ;  as  /wy,  book. 

A  comjtound  word  is  one  composed  of  two  or  more  simple  words  ;  as  *aZr< 
cellar,  ux.od-nhed. 

A  jtrimiiivf  word  is  ono  not  derived  from  another,  but  constituting  a  radical 
itock,  from  which  others  are  derived  ;  as  hope,  yracf,  earth. 

A  derivative  word  is  ono  formed  from  a  primitive,  with  the  addition  of  somt 
prefix  or  affix  ;   as  hopeful,  grace' less^  earth' en,  dis-grace'. 

Spelling  is  the  art  of  writing  with  the  proper  letters,  or  of  reading  by  naming 
letters  singly. 

Accent  is  a  stress  of  voice  upon  a  syllable  of  a  word.  In  the  word  distant, 
there  is  an  emphasis  or  stress  on  the  first  syllable  ;  in  the  word  suc'cess',  on 
the  second.  Every  word  of  more  than  ono  syllable  has  one  of  its  syllable! 
accented.     (See  page  135.) 

The  proper  division  of  words  into  syllables  is  called  syllabication. 

"Words  so  arranged  as  to  have  a  meaning  form  a  sentence  ;  that  is,  every 
■entencc  tells  something.  But  we  must  mention  what  that  subject  is,  before 
there  can  bo  a  speech  about  it.  Having  done  this,  the  speech  about  it  natu* 
rally  comes  next. 

Every  sentence,  therefore,  must  contain,  at  the  least,  two  things  :  1st.  Tha 
vohich  is  mentioned.  2ndly.  The  speech  about  it.  "  That  which  is  mentioned' 
is  called  the  subject,  "  The  speech  about  the  subject"  is  called  the  prtdicatet 
pr  speech  ;  that  is,  what  is  predicated  or  spoken  of  the  subject. 

There  cannot,  therefore,  be  less  than  two  words  in  a  sentence  ;  because 
nothing  can  bo  mentioned  in  less  than  one  word,  and  no  speech  can  take  place 
about  it  in  less  than  ono  word.  For  instance,  "man  walks"  is  as  short 
a  sentence  as  can  be  framed  ;  the  subject  *'  man "  being  one  word,  and  the 
predicate  or  speech-clause  "  walks"  being  one  word. 

The  question,  "  Who  or  what  is  mentioned?"  will  alw.ays  return  the  subjeo 
as  its  answer.  And,  "  What  is  said  of  the  subject  ?  "  will  return  the  predicate 
or  speech -clause. 

It  is  evident  that  no  mention  can  be  made  of  anything  unless  it  is  named. 
In  Grammar,  everything  that  is  named  in  ono  word  is  called  a  noun.  Ncuns 
or  things  named  in  ono  word,  form  a  distinct  class  of  words.  Every  listinot 
olass  of  words  is  called  a  Part  of  Speech. 

No  sentence  can  be  without  a  noun,  or  something  representing  a  nonn,  M 
Its  subject.  But  something  more  than  a  subject  is  wanted  for  a  sentcnoe ; 
there  must  be  a  predicate  ;  that  is,  something  must  be  said  of  the  subject. 

If  this  is  done  by  ono  word,  that  word  is  called  a  verb.  Verbs,  therefore 
are  words  which  tell  dt  speak  of  something.  In  the  simplest  form  of  sentenoQ 
UMrefcre,  the  ealjoct  is  a  noun,  and  the  predicate  a  verb. 


DIRECTIONS 


WoRcs  are  sc  classified  in  this  work,  that  few  arbitrary  marks  are  required 
&f  a  guide  to  tho  proper  sound  of  letters. 

Before  a,  o,  u,  I,  r,  /,  C  has  the  sound  of  k  ;  it  has  the  sound  of  s  before  y  s 
also  before  «  and  i,  except  where  a  different  sound  is  specially  indicated  by  the 
classification. 

The  digraph  ch  occurring  in  words  in  this  volume  has  always  its  purs 
English  sound  oi  tsh  (as  in  child,  much,  Ac.),  except  where  a  lilTercnt  sound  ia 
5|.cciully  indicated  in  the  classification. 

G  has  its  hard  sound,  as  in  bag,  except  where  it  is  italicized,  or  where  tho 
classification  renders  this  unnccoesary.  G  is  hard  (as  in  tjave)  before  a,  e,  and 
u  ;  before  e,  i,  and  y,  it  generally  has  the  soft  sound  of  ^' ;  but  there  are  many 
exceptions  to  this. 

iV  has  its  aspirate  sound,  as  in  sin,  except  where  it  is  italicized,  and  then  If 
has  the  vocal  sound  of  z  in  zeal. 

Th  italicized,  and  net  classified,  has  its  vocal  sound,  as  in  thiv.e  ;  not  ital- 
icized, it  has  its  aspirate  sound,  as  in  think. 

N  italicized  has  the  sound  of  ng,  as  in  an'gn,  van'quiith.  N  preceding  the 
sound  of  k  in  the  same  syllable  has  a  close  sound  of  ng,  as  in  thank. 

The  italicizing  of  any  other  letters,  whether  vowels  or  consonants,  is  to  indi- 
cate that  they  are  silmt,  or  unsounded. 

R  is  rough  or  trilled  when  it  begins  a  word  or  syllable  with  or  without  a 
O'^nsonant  element  ;  as  ray,  tray.  Otherwise  situated,  it  has  a  smooth  or 
untrilled  sound,  as  in  hure,  cant,  abhor.  The  habit  of  rolling  or  trilling  final  t 
in  such  words  as  butter,  matter,  «tc.,  should  be  carefully  corrected. 

Words  of  more  than  one  syllable  may  be  divided  by  the  hyphen  (-),  and  the 
accentual  mark  (').  In  dissyllables  and  trisyilables,  where  tho  accent  is  on 
the  last  syllable,  it  is  sufficiently  indicated  in  the  absence  of  the  accentual 
mark,  showing  that  the  accent  is  on  no  preceding  syllable.  The  hyphen  if 
icmetimcs  used  to  separate  the  parts  of  a  compound  word  ;  as  milk-maid. 

The  mark  of  the  makron  (as  over  the  a  xnfdtr)  is  to  indicate  the  b.ng  sound 
:*  a  vowel ;  the  mark  of  tho  brtve  (as  in  f  Tit,  fit)  is  to  indicate  the  short 
au  ind.  When  u  has  the  mark  of  the  makron  over  it,  it  has  its  long  y  sound, 
as  in  mHie.     When  «  forms  a  syllable  by  itself,  it  generally  has  this  sound. 

The  dicBresis  is  sometimes  placed  over  a  vowel,  as  in  Creator,  to  indicate 
ibut  it  forms  a  distinct  syllabic,  and  is  not  merged  in  the  sound  of  the  pro 
Deding  vowel. 

The  significance  of  the  mark  of  accent  and  the  hyphen  should  be  dritinctlj 
•xplained  to  learners  before  they  enter  upon  the  study  of  words  of  more  than 
Dne  syllable. 

The  teacher  will  sometimes  put  words  promiscuously,  without  regard  tf 
their  classification  ;  skipping,  for  instance,  from  a  word  in  which  e  baa  itf 
iihort  sound,  to  one  in  which  ea  is  its  equivalent. 


THE   ENGLISH  ALPHABET. 


BOMAN  LErrras      | 

niLIC  UETTERS.          ] 

OLD 

KNgLIBTI 

a 

A 

a 

A 

a 

a 

b 

B 

b 

n 

b 

J3 

c 

C 

c 

c 

c 

€ 

d 

D 

d 

D 

b 

D 

c 

F. 

e 

E 

t 

(g 

f 

F 

f 

F 

f 

£ 

g 

G 

S 

G 

S 

© 

h 

11 

h 

H 

1) 

C) 

i 

I 

I 

I 

3 

J 

J 

i 

J 

3 

k 

K 

k 

K 

k 

K 

1 

h 

I 

L 

I 

£ 

m 

M 

m 

M 

111 

ill 

n 

N 

n 

jy 

u 

^ 

o 

O 

0 

o 

0 

O 

P 

P 

P 

p 

V 

V 

<{ 

a 

q 

Q 

q 

(Q 

r 

R 

r 

R 

r 

11 

8 

s 

s 

S 

3 

S 

T 

t 

T 

t 

«r 

U 

U 

u 

U 

u 

n 

V 

V 

V 

V 

D 

d 

vv 

w 

w 

w 

U) 

lu 

s 

X 

X 

X 

X 

.X 

y 

Y 

y 

Y 

yi 

I' 

z 

Z 

^0 

Z 

} 

z 

&, 


cV 


«? 


Dimrnoxaa 


^  (A  E)     CE  (O  E)     8B  (a  c)     oe  (o  o» 


SAEGENT'S 
STANDAED    SPELLEE 

PA.IIT    I. 


PEOMISCUOUS  INTrvODUCTORY  EXERCISES. 

1.  Am,  an,  us,  at,  ax,  be,  by,  do,  go,  he,  ho,  if, 
in,  is,  it,  lo,  me,  my,  no,  of,  on,  or,  ox,  she,  so,  to, 
up,  us,  we,  ye. 

2.  And,  arm,  art,  are,  ape,  ask,  all,  bad,  bag, 
bar,  bat,  bed,  beg,  bet,  bid,  big,  bit,  bob,  bog,  boy, 
bud,  bug,  bun,  but,  cab,  cap,  can,  cat,  car. 

3.  Cod,  con,  cot,  cow,  cry,  cub,  cup,  cut,  cur, 
den,  did,  dig,  dim,  din,  dip,  dog,  dot,  dry,  dug, 
dun,  cat,  egg,  end,  fan,  far,  fat,  fed. 

4.  Fen,  fib,  fig,  fin,  lit,  fix,  fly,  fog,  fop,  for, 
fox,  fry,  fun,  gag,  gap,  gas,  gem,  got,  gig,  ^in, 
got,  gum,  gun,  had,  hag,  ham,  hat,  hem. 

5.  Hen,  her,  hid,  him,  hip,  his,  hat,  hod,  hog, 
hop,  hot,  how,  hub,  hug,  hum,  hut,  ice,  ink,  its, 
jag,  jet,  jib,  jig,  job,  jog,  jot,  jug,  jut,  keg. 

C.  Kid,  kin,  kit,  lag,  lad,  lap,  leg,  let,  lid,  lip, 
lit,  log,  lop,  lot,  lug,  mad,  man,  map,  mat,  may, 
met,  mid,  mix,  mob,  mop,  mud,  mug. 

7.    Nag,  nap,  net,  nib,  nip,  not,  nut,  off,  one» 


12  INTRODUCTORY   EXERCISES. 

our.  jut,  pad,  pan,  pat,  peg,  pen,  pet,  pig,  piu 
pit,  pod,  pop,  pot,  pry,  pun,  put. 

8.  Rag,  ram,  ran,  rat,  red,  rib,  rid,  rig,  rim. 
lip,  rob,  rod,  rot,  rub,  rug,  rub,  rum,  rut,  sad,  sng, 
sap,  saw,  sat,  sea,  see,  set,  ship,  shy,  sin,  sip,  si  I; 
sky,  sly,  sob,  sod,  sop,  sot,  sum,  sun,  sup. 

9.  Tan,  tap,  ten,  //le,  //ty,  tin,  tip,  too,  top,  try, 
tub,  tug,  twig,  two,  van,  vat,  wag,  wa5,  wax,  way, 
web,  wed,  wen,  wet,  were,  who,  wig,  win,  wi//i, 
yam,  yes,  yet,  yon,  you. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITINO   EXERCISES. 

1.  I  am  by.  Is  she  in  ?  if  he  can  go,  so  can  we.  Ye  may  sit  by  U8.  A 
big  ox  Let  ine  ax  l^e.  lie  is  sad.  Dot  the  t.  See  my  cap.  A  cat  on  top 
of  the  ca-b.    He  or  I  can  go. 

2.  lie  has  a  bat.  Ask  us  all  to  go.  An  ape  sat  on  the  rug.  Put  up  tht 
bar.  Go  to  bed.  A  boy  fed  his  dog.  "Was  it  a  bad  egg  ?  Yes,  it  was. 
lie  did  not  cat  it.     One  and  one  are  two.     Then  do  not  go. 

8.  The  kit  is  in  her  lap  Do  not  let  the  cub  dip  his  leg  in  the  cup.  She 
is  in  the  car.  The  cur  bit  ti»e  hog.  Get  a  fan  for  the  fat  man.  My  mug 
is  on  the  icQ.     Fix  the  wax  in  the  gap.     Who  is  she? 

4.  I  saw  a  fox.  Do  not  put  ink  on  the  map.  A  rat  got  in  the  keg.  A 
gem  for  the  jet  pin.  Gin  is  bad  for  you.  Get  rid  of  the  jug.  Put  the  pot 
on  the  mat.     Do  not  jv.t  out  thy  lip.     A  tin  box. 

5.  The  nag  is  oil'.  See  tiie  mud  fly.  See  the  jib  on  the  sh'p,  out  at  sea. 
Do  not  lag  so.  Let  in  the  lad  with  the  kid.  It  is  dim  in  tl  c  fog.  A  rod 
fox.     A  dun  'ow.     Tl>e  end  of  all.     The  lim  of  tlie  sun. 

0.  Our  [»et  pig  is  shy  and  sly  too.  AVht  hit  the  hen  with  the  gun  ?  TiOp 
off  the  twig.  Nib  the  two  pens.  Tiie  pad  ran  with  the  gig.  Did  you  see 
the  jig?     Up  on  the  top  of  the  hut.     Jog  on.     The  rim  of  the  sun. 

7.  The  wig  of  the  wag.  A  bit  of  yam  Mix  it  in.  Sec  yon  sky.  Ten 
men  were  in  a  van.  The  vat  iras  wet.  Tip  up  the  tub.  Tap  the  sop.  II« 
has  a  bad  won  on  his  arm.     Run  in  the  rut. 

8.  She  ran  at  the  mob  with  her  mop.  How  far?  It  is  a  sin  to  sip  rum. 
Do  thy  sura.  Do  not  let  the  bed  sag  so.  A  big  fin.  A  sad  pun.  One  of 
my  kin.     A  gag  and  a  rod  for  the  sot. 

y.  He  had  him  on  the  hip.  Slie  dug  a  pit  for  the  rnm.  The  lid  of  the 
Jar.  Mid  way  in  the  bog.  Do  not  pry.  The  men  rig  the  ship.  Try  to 
rub  it  out.  Can  she  win  7  Ixst  lier  con  it  TUo  hub  is  in  the  mud  of  the 
pen.     He  hod  a  bod  fit 


INTRODUCTORY   EXERCISES.  lU 

10.  Bid,  bide  ;  bit,  bite  ;  can,  cane  ;  cap,  cape  ; 
con,  cone  ;  din,  dine  ;  dot,  dote  ;  fan,  fane  ;  fafc^ 
fjite  ;  fin,  fine  ;  hat,  hate  ;  hid,  hide  ,  hop,  hope  , 
kit,  kite  ;  lad,  lade. 

11.  Mad,  made  ;  man,  mane  ;  mat,  mate  ;  mop, 
uiope ;  not,  note  ;  pan,  pane ,  pin,  pine ;  rat,  rate ; 
rid,  ride ;  rip,  ripe ;  rob,  robe ;  rod,  rode ;  rot,  rote , 
van,  vane  ;  win,  wine. 

12.  Babe,  bake,  cake,  came,  date,  face,  fade, 
gale,  gave,  gaze,  lake,  lame,  late,  mjike,  name,  pa^e, 
race,  ra^e,  rake,  safe,  same,  take,  wa^e. 

13.  Act,  apt,  ash,  band,  bang,  blab,  camp,  chat 
clam,  dash,  fact,  flag,  gash,  hand,  hang,  land,  lamp 
^ash,  pang,  plan,  plat,  sand,  scan. 

14.  Arch,  barn,  card,  char,  charm,  dark,  farm, 
garb,  hard,  hark,  harm,  harp,  lark,  march,  marsh, 
part,  scar,  scarf,  shark. 

15.  Belt,  bend,  dent,  desk,  fell,  felt,  flesh,  held, 
help,  lest,  pelt,  rend,  send,  shed,  sled,  step,  tell, 
vest,  vex,  well,  went,  wept,  west,  yelp,  zest. 

IG.  Bring,  brim,  chin,  chip,  cling,  di.sh,  fish, 
fist,  fling,  flint,  grim,  grist,  limp,  lint,  milk,  pick, 
quit,  rich,  risk,  sift,  silk,  sing,  six,  thing. 

17.  Bind,  blind,  bribe,  child,  crime,  drive,  fire, 
glide,  hind,  ire,  life,  mild,  mind,  price,  quite,  shine, 
€lide,  smile,  spire,  twice,  wild. 

18.  Chop,  crop,  drop,  fond,  frog,  from,  frost, 
shop,  trot.  —  Bold,  broke,  fold,  froze,  gold,  old,  post, 
Bcold,  shore,  slope,  smoke,  sold,  stove. 

19.  Brush,  crust,  drum,  duck,  flush,  gulf,  gusht 

2 


14  INTRODUCTORY   EXERCISES. 

hunt,  much,  scum,  such.  —  Bom,  cork,  com,  foroi, 
horn,  orb,  scorch,  short,  stork,  thorn. 

20.  Couch,  count,  crouch,  crowd,  crown,  down, 
loud,  now,  proud,  round.  —  Boil,  broil,  choice,  coin, 
join,  joy,  moist,  toil,  voice. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITINa  EXERCISES. 

^ 0 .  Sued  nini  vide  ti/ilu  tM  a/?td  di7ie.  SSiU 
a  tU.  Jue  %al  tan  ai  a  ft/ne  tal^.  QxJo  no^  ¥io^ 
lo  iioh.  ^ne  did  no^  tioU  {ne  Itnu.  rre  can 
ncde  ncd  cane.  rrtne  'made  Ine  ^ma^  ^nad,  and 
/le  did  710^  tt^i7i.  «y&  vane  on  lue  van.  «>% 
tode  a  ted.        &  /  toe  toi^^i'  /liiCe, 

f  ^ .     Uue  97iate  naa  a  Tnat.      QU/o  no^  tov  n€9 

Of  uer^  otd  tove.      Une  faU  o/  Ine  m,^  Tnan.       <76i 

ao^  me  /ine  ^  tole.       ^/le  vtone  a  ^lane  wim  ln6 

Yiafi.       ty^  /u?ie  /d?v    £/r'  Ine  dned.       ^ne  naa  a 

titoh.       rrnji  ln€n  TTZc^ief      Jne /ane /&C^.       /rnal 

id  a  C4>ne9         rrn?/^  do£^  on  ne'r  f 

^ 2 .      JaAe  Ine  ca^e  ^toni  Ine  vave.       t^v   na/e 
on   ^ne   laue.       Uue   daU   and  Ine   name.       Uncu 
canie  uiCe  for'  Ine   tace.      ^  nave   Ine   uinu    ^nsi'n 
a  ta4e.       ^^^y  ^^  ^^7^  •       K/itame  Ihe  Aaae.     k/ 
waac  no  wai^.      ao'^^  on  net  face.     %/^  wi^ fade 
%/f(>a4e  a  7iote  of  it.      ^o/n  /&«. 

43      t^n    a^i   €u>t.      i^ne  ca/mJi    fifOJ  vy    an 


rNTRODUCTORY   EXERCISES.  1& 

9^  £ic^  jfoi^  a//  tyv  ^t/a^  cf  ca7ici.  ^ca7i  c4 
wett'.  tjue  uZiiu  nave  a  ^ui^ia.  %Jnen  cnal  a/nd 
e^^  ctwrn  171  Ine  daTtd. 

^ A.      ^  €aiK>    171   a   da/i^  va/i7t.       &ui^   Iny 
^ca^jf.       (^aiH'  /      tjue7t^  nad  ^  ^matcu  l/i/iGu^n  a 
r/W/idu.     c^e  uer^  nat^u.     Une  ^i/uii^  did  no  fiaiin 
tJue  cnazni  cf  {he  uai^t.        caS>,      c/,     o^. 

^ 5 .     ^  d67il  171  '77tu  dedH'.      t^  dca'T  en  ni^ 

/ce&n,      ty    ne/d  ner^  oM.      t^fi?^  died  id   iti  me 

^ned.     %y   wit€  neyi,  nou,  wilA  a  c:^edL      tzvfe  le/ehl 

lo    la^e    mat   dteft.        QDond    ^/e/jt.         rr  U7i  ^le/i 

tne77t  f     Uue  iitCTi  ij^  in  I  he  wedL 

^ 6 .  ^^ii7if%  Ine  diju  of  /iiu.  0i:icn  77ii£K>, 
^zft7U  ifoT'  '77171  na7id.  ^tuia  doti^TZ  Ine  ftiTii, 
&iijt  foT^  lue  TTiicC.  ^'fi  '^'  ^^o  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^ 
ti44>.  £2tiit  i6.  i^  niint  /c^l.  SricH,  uh  Ine  cniS 
%y  ti?7i^b  a7td  di7ta.  ^ce  ner^  oni7i.  z^iCt'  ^  {ntt 
mi77t.        tAoaue  a  ^ia   O,   tJh,    l&j  ^u. 

^y .     Uit/ice    i7i    9717^    /ijfe.        t^    7(^icd    dtide, 
c^    {^^ti,7td  cni/d  i7t    Ine  fiie.         cjfotc  qicile    ^Tza^ 
me   ^77tivs.         /r^nad  id    Ine  fnicef        ^yfbi7id  in6 
niTid   ox,        t^    /ii  c/  iie.        ^y     ^ne    no    mi6e 
Lz^tit^e    nef'   not   to    ctime.        ^ee  Ine    dAite-  dniTie 
aude    on.        ^ne  ti^i^ cnai^  ne^  nand 


16  INTRODUCTOIC'    EXEKCISES 

a/ioA.  ty^ji  oul  fion  /j7id  Of  a  citoA.  t^ 
votcl  dco/U.  ^'nio/:e  ner^  OiU.  t^  neu  vto/^.  ficni 
{ne    fo/il.         t-/    40U.I   711U    cio^t,  for'    no/ci.  <7^$ 

fioz^'    071    Uce    dune.       tJ',,ot  c^/  70UU    lu^    6iov^. 

/^.      fj/ucu  a  auc'^  a^  tee  dmiA    t7i  ^nt  O^*^ - 
&jiu^n,    Ine    czu^i   Aoni    971?^    ia^i.        ^^ai^  lo  in^ 
X'UC77i     a?icl    Ine    fyoiTzf         *j/ie7f     ¥tu7it    a    4(A}tK 
t^    a  noli   //ioi?i.        c/^cu77i    07i    lue    ^oh.         /rnen 
toad    due    t'0t7i  f  (Jk^    ^coicu    7ioui^    ca^t 

20 .       ^ou7U  l/i^  mowd  nott^.        0\o(id  am  %y 
y    mif    c/iotce.        Suot/  ti  a7ia    mot/  tl.  loiTt 

fdid  171  'Tii^t.  io7i.  tASotdl  loUu  /ot/.  <^(se7^  voice 
td  toua.  Sioucu  071  //le  ccticA.  K^ne  nU  fu77i 
*/7i  Ine  (yiow7i.  t^7i  010  id  touna.  %A&uc^^ 
coin  J    "77100^    caze.        ^e7ia  f7te  ^771^  t»edl* 

21.  A'bly,  after,  ba'by,  basket,  bigger,  bod y, 
bo'ny,  but'ter,  candy,  ca'per,  clo'ver,  cluster,  corner, 
crazy,  cri'er,  darling,  di'al,  do'zy,  cd'it,  enter,  ev cr, 
fe'ver,  fi'fer,  fifty. 

22.  Finc'ly,  forty,  fury,  gravy,  gru el,  hornet, 
i'vy,  lady,  lazy,  lap'dog,  late'ly,  let'ter,  like'ly 
limber,  linen,  li'on, lumber,  maker,  manly, master 
merely,  mim'ic,  naked. 

23.  Napkin,  never,  nine'ty,  no'bly,  num'ber, 
nutmeg,   order,    over,    pa'per,    pancake,    party, 


INTRODUCTORY    EXERCISES.  VI 

pencil,  po'ker,  po'ny,  puny,  pupil,  qui'et,  racer, 
r&p'iil,  re'al,  ri'dcr,  river,  robin. 

24.  Ru'in,  signal,  slipper,  slum'ber,  so'bc-, 
solid,  spi'der,  sto'ry,  suni'mcr.,  sunset,  ta'per, 
tavern,  teni'per,  tim'ber,  tipsy,  to'tal,  tri'al,  truly, 
ug'ly,  under,  useful,  vary,  very,  wafer,  wary, 
wi'iy,  wo'ful,  winter. 

25.  A-bed',  a-bode,  a-far,  a-go,  a-jar,  a-like, 
a-live,  a-loft,  a-lone,  a-long,  a-maze,  a-mcn,  a-mcnd, 
a-mid,  a-new,  a-part,  a-side,  as-sist,  at-tend, 
a-wake,  a-way,  a-woke,  ad-mit,  ap-ply,  be-fore,  x 
be-gin,  be-gun,  be-have,  be-liind,  bc-hold,  bc-side, 
cre-ate,  de-lay,  de-ny,  dis-like. 

26.  E-lect,  en-tire,  for-bid,  for-get,  for-got, 
here-at,  here-by,  here-in,  here-of,  here-on,  ho-tel, 
hu-mane,  in-vite,  jap-an,  lap-el,  mis-hap,  mis-take, 
o-mit,  per-haps,  per-mit,  po-lite. 

27.  Re-buke,  re-cite,  re-lax,  re-late,  re-ly,  re- 
tire, se-lect,  se-rene,  se-vere,  sub-mit,  un-did, 
un-do,  un-fed,  un-fit,  un-just,  un-lacc,  un-less, 
u-nite,  un-kind,  un-like,  un-pin,  un-ripe,  un-til, 
up-hold,  up-held,  up-lift,  up- on,  up-set. 

WRITING  AND  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

21  Put  the  butter  in  the  basket.  Tlie  darling  baby.  A  stick  of  candy 
A.  oat  in  the  comer.  The  cows  are  in  the  clover.  A  cluster  of  grapes.  The 
5ld  lifer  is  ci'azy.  A  dial  in  the  sun.  Wake  from  being  dozy  !  He  cut  a 
oapcr.  This  fish  is  bony.  Fifty  ripe  pluras.  jMy  tody  is  bigger  than  his. 
Enttr  the  house  after  mc.     You  did  it  ably.     The  town  crier  has  a  fever. 

22.   A  nest  of  horwets.     The  fury  of  the  lion.     The  lady  has  a  lapdog.    A 

likely  story.     A  manly  youth.     Never  mimic  thy  master.     A  letter  came 

lately.     Taste  the  gruel.     Take  away  the  gravy.     A  limber  cane.     The 

Maker  of  us  all.     Clean  linen.     The  day  has  begun  finely.     Clothe  the 

9* 


i8 


INTRODUCTORY   EXERCISES. 


naked.    The  iry  green.    Wood  is  lumber.    Who  can  count  to  forty  f    i 
lazy  cat. 

23.  Use  thy  napkin  Ninety  "nutmegs.  A  number  of  pencils.  Put  dow»i 
the  poker.  Be  quiet  The  pony  ran.  A  party  on  the  river.  Tbe  robin 
sang.  The  rider  fell.  A  rapid  racer.  Is  the  Tvatch  of  real  gold  7  Eat  the 
pancake.     A  paper  cap.    A  puny  child.     Ileed  my  order. 

24.  A  summer  sunset.  The  taper  burns.  Tlie  time  for  slumber.  A 
solid  timber.  A  signal  for  the  ship.  A  shady  place.  An  ugly  temper.  A 
red  wafer  He  spoke  truly.  A  blue  slipper.  The  spider  will  not  harm 
you  Do  net  be  tardy.  A  very  useful  box.  A  total  loss.  The  old  tavern. 
A  wily  fox.     Our  notions  vary.     Be  wary  :  do  not  go  on  the  ice. 

25.  Let  the  door  be  ajar.  Begin  well.  IJehold  the  sun.  Assist  them 
Attend  to  what  I  say.  She  began  to  cry.  Ho  is  still  abed.  His  abode  i§ 
not  far.  A  long  t.>me  ago.  You  amaze  me.  Amend  your  way  of  life.  Step 
Bhide.  Go  away.  I  can  stand  alone.  Try  to  behave  better.  1  awoke  at  six 
o*«2lock.    Admit  the  bearer.    Behind  a  fence. 

2G.  The  new  hotel.  I  rahde  a  mistake.  Be  polite.  Permit  me  to  go. 
I  had  a  mishap.  Delay  not.  I  deny  thee  not.  Omit  fhat  page.  The  lapel 
of  a  coat.  Will  they  elect  Mm  ?  Hereby  you  shall  find  out.  I  love  the 
humane.  Perhaps  he  will  invite  you.  Why  dislike  her  ?  An  entire  day. 
Do  not  forget.     My  sister  has  some  japan  work. 

27.  A  serene  day.  A  severe  ?torm.  Rebuke  the  bad.  Recite  thy  lesson. 
Relate  the  story.  Rely  on  me.  You  may  retire.  Select  a  pen.  Submit 
with  a  good  grace.  The  cart  was  upset.  Uphold  the  weak.  Uplift  the 
lowly.  Unless  you  are  unkind,  you  will  do  it.  Unite  with  the  good.  Shun 
the  unjust  Unlace  my  dress.  Ti:e  dog  is  unfed.  An  unripe  plum.  Sb« 
Btood  upon  a  post    I  will  wait  until  you  come. 


Ace 

add 

chest 

biide 

brick 

grope 

bathe 

black 

dent 

dike 

drill 

poke 

brave 

brag 

dregs 

dime 

drip 

rodo 

case 

Itmg 

fret 

mice 

clinch 

strodt 

crane 

smack 

glen 

mile 

cling 

bond 

flake 

snap 

\clve 

mine 

flinch 

clog 

lace 

stab 

knd 

pride 

frill 

mod' 

ehade 

stag 

melt 

slice 

skin 

pond 

cpace 

strand 

neck 

slime 

spin 

luck 

tape 

tact 

seU 

swine 

sprig 

muff 

JPA_JEIT    II. 


CLASSIFIED   EXERCISES. 

VOWEL    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES 

I.    Tho  Sound  of  A  in  Far/ 

•^*  Reinciiihcr  that  where  ^  is  italicizcMl  in  words  in  tliis  tjuot,  il 
las  the  sciuul  of  ^;  s  italicized  has  the  sound  of  z  in^aze;  th  itali- 
cized has  its  vocal  sound,  as  in   thine. 

1.  Arcif,  arc,  barb,  bard,  bark,  bar^e,  bath,  carp, 
cart,  carve,  chaiv/e,  chart,  darn,  dart,  farce,  gape, 
harsh,  larch,  lard,  lar/yc,  mar,  inarl,  mart. 

2.  Par,  parch,  park,  parse,  path,  shard,  sharp, 
smart,  snarl,  spar,  spark,  sparse,  star,  stanch,  stark, 
start,  starve,  tar,  tart,  yard,  yarn. 

3.  Archer,  barber,  bar'ter,  carmine,  charter, 
charter,  cart'rid^c,  fa7//er,  garnet,  hartshorn, 
harvest,  jan'ty,  larboard,  mar'^in,  market,  pars'nip, 
part'ner,  part'ri^l^e,  ram'part,  scarlet,  starboard, 
starveling,  tartar,  var'let. 

4.  A-kirm',    ba-zar,    ci-gar,    de-part,    di^-arai 

♦  To  TOE  Teachkr.  —  It  13  rocommcnded  that  the  more  difficult  of  th«  clas 
sified  exercises  be  skipped  by  the  learner,  in  first  going  through  the  Speller 
lie  may  pass  from  the  iuon<\syIIablcs  under  the  sound  of  a  \n  fur,  to  those  undoi 
the  other  vowel  sounds  ;  and,  when  he  is  sufiieiently  fauiiliar  with  them,  he 
can  turn  back  t(  the  more  didicult  words  under  each  division,  going  regularly 
through  tho  exercises  in  their  order.  The  advantage  of  n-'t  interrupting  tht 
elaiisification  will,  in  the  end,  more  than  counterbaianco  any  little  incouve 
Menec  ^hat  lUay  result,  at  first,  from  adhering  to  system. 


20  THE   SOUND    OF   A   IN   FAR. 

dis-card,  dis-chap/e,  em-bark,  pc-tard,  pla-card, 
rc-gard,  re-mark,  re-tard,  un-bar.  Bar'ber-ry, 
car'pen-tor,  mar'ma-lude,  mar'tin-gal. 

Words  in  which  au,  ca,  c,  a7id  ua,  have  tJie  sound  of  a  in  Far. 
In  lauf/hy  draught,  and  some  other  words,  t/h  has  the  sound  of/. 

.  5.  Aunt,  craunch,  daunt,  draught,  flaunt,  gaunt, 
haunch,  haunt,  jaunt,  laugh,  launch,  staunch,  taunt, 
vaunt.  Dauntless,  jaundice,  laundress,  saunter, 
Taunt'on.  Heart,  heartless,  hearth.  Ileark'en, 
hearty.     Serjeant.     Guard. 

WRITING  AND  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

1.  The  blind  bard.  The  bark  of  the  larch.  The  chart  is  in  the  barge 
We  fish  for  carp.  Do  not  carp  at  my  farce.  A  cart  in  the  park.  Darn  my 
Book.  Do  not  gape.  A  harsh  smart.  The  barb  of  the  hook.  Tar  is  on  the 
spar.     A  pot  of  lard.     The  star  shines. 

2.  A  large  farm.  jMarl  is  a  kind  of  clay.  The  yam  is  in  a  snarl.  The 
stocks  are  at  par.  Starch  ray  scarf.  Carve  -with  a  sharp  knife.  Start  noc 
Parse  that  line.  You  shall  not  starve.  Hear  my  charge.  A  wide  path. 
A  hot  bath.    Stanch  the  wound. 

3.  Our  barber  is  an  archer.  He  mounts  his  charger.  A  cartridge  box 
A  fat  partridge.  Market  is  the  place  for  barter.  My  father  knows  a  car 
penter.  He  had  a  janty  manner.  Carmine  is  crimson.  I  can  go  no  farthei 
Garnet  is  a  gem.  The  time  of  harvest.  The  margin  of  the  lake.  A  bi^ 
parsnip.  My  partner  in  trade.  Smell  of  the  hartshorn.  Starboard  is  th£ 
right-hand  side  of  a  ship  ;  larboard,  the  left. 

4.  A  scarlet  dress.  A  starveling  dog.  Tartar  is  sour.  The  varlet  had 
a  cigar.  A.larra  the  city.  Unbar  the  door.  Let  him  depart.  Do  not  debar 
his  coming.  Disarm  him.  Let  us  embark.  Discharge  the  prisoner.  It 
will  retard  my  going.  What  did  you  remark  ?  Discard  evil.  A  barberry 
Dush.     Quince  marmalade.     A  martingal  for  the  horse. 

5.  My  dauntless  aunt  took  a  jaunt  to  sec  a  launch.  Do  not  taunt  her. 
A  gaunt  form.  Guard  the  haunch.  A  haunt  for  robbers.  They  run  the 
gauntlet.  A  stauncli  friend.  The  sergeant  is  hearty.  Whci-c  is  Taunton! 
Bit  on  the  hearth,  and  hearken.  Yellow  with  the  jaundice.  She  flaunts  bx 
ft  gay  dress.  Lut  us  saunter  along.  To  vaunt  is  to  brag  Avaunt  74 
triflers  !    Dogs  craunch  bones.     Go  to  the  laundry.        ^ 


SHORT   A,    AS   IN   HAT.  21 


U.    Short  A,  as  in  Hat. 


1.  Alp,  bade,  bacl<7e,  ban5,  bland,  blank,  bran, 
brand,  cash,  catch,  champ,  chap,  clad,  clamp,  clan, 
clank,  cramp,  crank,  damp,  drab,  drank,  flag,  flange, 
gang,  gland,  hank,  hath,  have,  lapse,  latch,  mall^ 
niansc,  match. 

2.  Patch,  plank,  quack,  qiialT,  rant,  sash,  scalp, 
scamp,  scan,  scant,  scrap,  scratch,  shad,  shall,  shalt, 
i?ham,  shrank,  snag,  snatch,  splash,  sprang,  stamp, 
ptrap,  talc,  thank,  thatch,  thrash,  tract,  twang. 

3.  Ac'rid,  arrant,  ar'ras,  arid,  aspect,  as'pen, 
bal'lad,  ballot,  bannock,  barrack,  barrel,  brandy, 
cab'in,  carol,  cassock,  catch'up,  clam'ber,  clar'ct, 
classic, dandruff,  franchise,  gallop,  gam'ut, gas' trie, 
g'dth'er 

4.  Ilad'dock,  ham'mock,  hand'cuIT,  hav'oc,  jack'et. 
jal'ap,  jave'lin,  la/A'er,  mam'moth,  matin,  mat'tock, 
max'im,  parish,  parrot,  pat'cnt,  planet,  rad'ish, 
ran'sack,  ra/A'er,  sal'ad,  sal'ver,  scaffold,  shaflop, 
shanty,  tariff,  tarry,  tassel,  tran'script. 

5.  A-bash',  a-dapt,  at-tach,  at-tack,  ca-baL 
ca-lash,  ca-nal,  cra-vat,  de-camp,  de-cant,  de-tach, 
dis-patch,  dis-tract,  en-act,  ex-pand,  ex-panse, 
fi-nance,  in-fract,  mis-hap,  mo-rass,  ra-tan,  re-fract, 
re-lapse,  re-lax,  ro-mance. 

6.  Ad'a-mant,  ap'ri-cot,  ar'a-ble,  as'ter-isk, 
bar'ri-er,  car'a-van,  cat'a-ract,  clar'i-fy,  clar'i-net, 
oran'ber-ry,  ep'i-gram,  far'ri-er,  gafax-y,  gas'e-ous, 
magni-fy,  man'u-script,  mar'i-gold,  mar'-i-time, 
pafli-ate,  par'a-pet,  par'al-lel  par  o-dy,  sac'ra-menfc, 


22  SHORT   A,    AS   IN   HAT. 

s«anc  ti-fy,  sanc'ti-ty,  sal'i-vatc,  sas'sa-fras,  tap  cs-  try 
vag'a-bjnd. 

7.  A-qual'ic,  as-sas'sin,  dc-farcatc,  dis-as'trouSj 
e-las'tic,  cr-rat'ic,  fa-nat'ic,  fan-tas'tic,  gri-markiiij 
i-tal'ic,  sar-cas'tic. 

Ai  has  the  sound  of  short  a  in  jiiaiil  and  railkr-y. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITINa  EXERCISES. 

1.  The  lofty  Alps.  lie  ba<le  me  wear  a  bailge.  A  blind  smile.  A  blank 
book.  The  bran  of  wheat.  DtanJ  the  scamp.  Strike  a  mntcli.  I  forbade 
the  bans.  Latch  the  door.  Tay  caslj.  The  colt  champs  the  bit.  An  iron 
:lamp.  Clank  the  chain.  A  crank  ship.  The  tlangeof  a  wheel.  The  lapse 
of  lime.     He  hath  a  hank  of  drab  thread.     A  manse  near  the  mall. 

2.  A  plank  road.  A  quack  doctor.  An  Indian  scalp.  A  scant  scrap. 
V  big  patch.  Shall  we  catch  shad  ?  Thatch  the  roof.  A  snag  in  the  river. 
I  postage-stamp.  A  tract  of  land.  Thrash  the  grain.  Tu-uwy  went  the 
50W  !     Talc  is  a  kind  of  earth.     Cats  scratch. 

3.  An  acrid  taste.  An  arrant  fib.  Behind  the  arras.  Arid  ground. 
The  aspen-leaf.  The  vote  by  ballot.  A  barrel  of  brandy  in  the  cabin.  An 
oat-meal  bannock.  Birds  carol.  Mushroom  catchup.  A  patent  right.  The 
gastric  juice.  A  matin  song.  Throw  this  javelin.  Tarry  not.  The  tassel 
of  a  cap.  The  elective  franchise.  A  radish  for  the  salad.  The  scatlbid  felL 
Lather  his  chin.     I  would  rather  gather  apples. 

4.  Poll  parrot.  Claret  wine.  Cod  and  haddock.  He  slept  in  a  ham- 
mock. Hejir  this  maxim.  A  transcript  of  the  news.  A  shallop  on  the 
water.  Cry  havoc  !  A  silver  salver,  llaixl  to  clamber.  A  classic  writer. 
The  bones  of  a  mammoth.  The  priest's  cassock.  Sec  him  gallop.  The 
scale  of  the  gamut. 

6.  The  attack  was  with  a  ratan.  The  Erie  canal.  Decant  the  wine.  A 
mishap  in  the  morass.  Vou  can  not  abash  him.  Come,  dispatch  !  Ion 
distract  me.  What  part  do  you  enact?  A  sad  romance.  Never  infract  » 
promise.  Tie  your  cravat.  A  cabal  against  me.  The  e.Tpansc  of  waters. 
C  fear  a  relapse.  Relax  your  hold.  The  minister  of  finance.  The  enemy 
decamp.     Refract  the  rays.     Detach  the  vine  from  the  tree. 

G.  Arable  land.  Make  an  asterisk.  Pick  a  cranberry.  The  galaxy  or 
milky  way.  A  caravan  of  animals.  Clarify  the  oil.  A  gaseous  smell.  A 
fo.iming cataract.  A  fabulous  tale.  A  ripe  apricot.  S;\ss.ifnis  root.  Failed 
tapestry.  She  8too«l  on  the  parapet.  Head  my  manuscript.  The  yeiloff 
narigold.  Vou  magnify  bis  merits.  liai*d.aa  adamant.  A  plaid  ve«U  Do 
«ot  Ueed  her  raiilerj. 


LONG   A,    AS   IN    FATE.  23 

111.    Xjong  A,  as  in  Fate. 

1.  A^/e,  ate,  baste,  brace,  ca^e,  chafe,  change, 
chaste,  crape,  crate,  crave,  flame,  frame,  grace^ 
grade,  grange,  grape,  graze,  la^Ae,  mace,  nape, 
paste,  quake,  ran^e,  scale,  scrape,  shame,  shape, 
Bhave,  skate,  slake,  slate,  snake,  spade,  sta(/e,  state, 
strange,  swatho,  vase,  wade. 

2.  Angel,  apex,  ba'ker,  cam'bric,  cham'ber, 
chanz/c'ling,  danger,  famous,  game'ster,  grate'ful, 
hatred,  label,  man'r/cr,  matron,  pastry,  patron, 
radix,  sa'crcd,  scraper,  stately,  stranger,  tra'der, 
wa^cr.  —  Cognate,  frustrate,  in'grate,  inmate, 
land'scape,  mcm'brane,  mun dane,  ornate,  pros'trate, 
stagnate,  vacate. 

3.  Ar-ran^e',  bro-cade,  cas-cade,  de-prave,  de 
ran/ze,  es-tran^e,  e-rase,  es-cape,  for-sake,  gri-mace, 
im-pale,  in-ane,  in-flame,  in-flate,  in-hale,  in-nate, 
in-sane,  pa-rade,  se-date. 

4.  As'pi-rate,  can'di-date,  cel'e-brate,  con  ju-gate 
del'e-gate,  des'ig-nate,  dct'o-nate,  dis'si-pate,  emi- 
grate, ex'ca-vate,  hiir'ri-cane,  im'i-tate,  is'o-late, 
im'mi-grate,  in'sti-gate,  mas'ti-cate,  nav'i-gate,  ob'- 
vi-ate,  pen'e-trate,  rep'ro-bate,  sep'a-rate,  ven  er-ate, 
vcn'ti-late. 

5.  De-mon'strate,  in-cul'cate,  re-mon'strate.  — 
Am-bus-cade',  bar-ri-cade,  bal-us-trade,  col-on- 
nade,  es-pla-nade,  Icm-on-ade,  pal-i-sade. 

G.   DLs-scm'i-nate,  e-rad'i-cate,  in-car'cer-ate,  in 
ter'po-late,  in-tim'i-date,  in-tox'i-cate,  in-ves'ti-gato, 
pve-dom'i-nate,  pre-var'i-cate,  re-tal'i-ate. 


24  LONG   A,    AS   IN   FATE. 

IVords  171  which  ai,  ca,  and  au^  fiave  iJie  sound  ofl<mg  a. 

7.  Aid,  brail],  bmiii,  chain,  fail,  faith,  flail,  frail, 
jail,  maid,  maim,  paid,  paint,  praise,  quail,  quaint 
raise,  saint,  snail,  sprain,  stain,  taint,  trail,  train 
trait,  twain.     Break,  great,  steak.     Gau//e. 

8  Chirblain,  cai'ti!f,dai'ly,  dainty,  dai'ry,  dai'.^y, 
entrails,  bai'lilT,  gai'ters,  plain'tilT,  raiment,  rainy, 
sjail'or,  trai'tor. 

9.  Ab-stain  ,  ac-quaint,  a-fraid,  ap-praise,  a- vail, 
a-wait,  be-wail,  con-straint,  de-claim,  de-tail, 
dis-dain,  ex-plain,  main-tain,  ob-tain,  prc-vail, 
re-frain,  up-braid. 

10.  Ap-prais'er,  as-sail'ant,  at-tain'der,  com- 
plainant, re-main'der.  —  Ap-per-tain',  as-cer-tain 

Words  in  which  ay  hcLS  the  sound  of  long  a. 

11.  Aye,  bray,  clay,  day,  dray,  fray,  gay,  gray, 
jay,  pay,  play,  pray,  ray,  say,  slay,  spray,  stay, 
stray,  sway,  tray,  way. 

12.  Cray'on,  dray'man,  gay'ly,  lay'man,  may'or, 
wayward. —  Af-fray',  as-say,  de-lay,  way-lay. — 
Gay'e-ty. 

Words  in  which  c,  ci,  cig,  cigh,  a7id  cy,  have  the  sound  of  long  a.* 

13.  Deign,  eight,  eighth,  freight,  neigh,  prey, 
reign,  rein,  skein  (or  skain),  sleigh,  they,  w^eigh, 
wciojht,  w^hey.  —  Ey'ry,  heinous,  neigh'bor,  weigher, 
weighty.  —  Con-vey',  in-veigh,  o-bey,  pur-vey. 

•  Other  wordB  of  this  clasfl  will  bo  found  under  *<  Words  sounded  alike.* 


LOxN[G   A,    AS   IN   FATE.  25 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

I  A.  strange  cliange.  Baste  the  hem.  Cows  graze.  Boys  skaie  and 
trade.  Do  not  scrape  the  slate.  Slake  thy  thirst.  Grace  is  in  all  her  steps. 
A  turning-lathe.  A  chaste  style.  I  crave  pardon.  You  are  a  craven. 
Hit  the  snake  with  the  spade.  Chafe  the  nape  of  his  neck.  Make  a  cage. 
A  grange  is  a  farm-house  A  range  of  hills.  Sour  grapes.  She  quakea 
with  fear.  Brace  the  drum.  Scale  the  hills.  He  ate  a  cake.  The  grad 
of  the  street. 

2.  The  stranger  is  a  trader.  The  dog  in  the  manger.  A  famous  patron 
The  matron  has  a  cambric  robe.  Put  a  label  on  the  paper.  The  angel 
Gabriel.  The  apex  of  the  hill.  Pastry  makes  me  ill.  A  poor  changeling. 
Give  not  way  to  hatred.  A  scraper  for  the  feet.  Wafer  the  letter.  Shun 
the  gamester.  The  sacred  book.  Frustrate  his  plans.  By  cognate  we  mean 
akin.  The  inmate  of  the  hut  is  an  ingrate.  A  fine  landscape.  An  ornate 
style.  Vacate  ray  room.  This  mundane  home.  Do  not  strike  the  prostrate 
A  radix  is  a  root. 

3.  Forsake  evil.  Escape  danger.  A  brocade  dress.  Do  not  estrange  us 
Erase  my  name.  We  inhale  air.  Impale  not  the  butterfly.  The  cascaa«» 
falls.  Arrange  her  dress.  A  sedate  mood.  What  a  grimace  !  Do  not 
derange  my  books.     You  inflame  her  temper. 

4.  Conjugate  the  verb.  Aspirate  the  wh  in  what,  rvheuy  &c.  Celebralp 
the  day.  The  delegate  is  a  candidate.  Separate  the  boys.  Designate  tbi» 
reprobate.  Ventilate  the  school-room.  To  e7«,igrate  is  to  go  from  a  land  • 
to  twi  migrate  is  to  go  tnfo  it.  Excavate  the  hill.  Masticate  thy  food.  Nav 
igate  the  ship. 

6.  Inculcate  good  thoughts.  To  demonstrate  is  to  prove.  Remonstrate  wJ<J» 
her.  .Sip  the  lemonade.  The  men  set  up  a  barricade.  Cling  to  the  balus- 
trade. I  stood  on  the  esplanade.  Mary  had  a  serenade.  Beware  tlw> 
ambuscade.     Form  a  palisade.     The  pillars  of  the  colonnade. 

6.  Never  prevaricate.  I  penetrate  his  plan.  Wine  intoxicates.  Do  no* 
retaliate.  It  blew  a  hurricane.  Investigate  the  case.  Incarcerate  t)« 
culprit.     You  cannot  intimidate  me.     I  will  interpolate  a  sentence. 

7.  Aid  the  maid  to  braid  the  chain.  Never  break  faith.  The  snail  leaves 
%  trail.  A  quaint  sketch.  A  tender  steak.  Fail  not  to  gauge  the  cask.  A 
6ad  sprain.  Free  from  taint.  A  train  of  cars.  Frail  as  glass.  In  jail.  We 
*re  twain.  They  gave  him  great  praise.  Take  out  the  stain.  He  hit  me 
with  a  flail. 

8.  The  taitifif  wore  gaiters.  The  sailor  was  no  traitor.  My  raiment  for 
A  rainy  day.  Milk  from  the  dairy.  The  bailiflF  is  with  the  plaintiflF.  Our 
iaily  bread.     The  daisy  has  its  name  from  day^s  eye. 

y.  Abstain  while  you  can.  He  is  afraid  to  declaim.  I  am  under  eon- 
•traint    I  refrain.     I  disdain  to  beg.    I  maintain  it    We  bewail  her  fete 


26  A,    AS    IN   FALL. 

10.  The  appraiser  is  the  complainant  Ascertain  who  was  the  assa^ani 
His  estate  is  under  attainder.     The  remainder  appertains  to  me. 

11.  Do  not  stray  out  of  the  way  to-day.  Pay  as  you  go.  For  ever  and 
aye  We  make  bricks  of  clay.  A  blue  jay  on  the  spray.  Gray  hair.  Huri 
in  a  fray.     Pray  stay.     He  holds  svay. 

12.  We  gayly  play.  They  went  to  waylay  the  mayor.  A  layman  spoke 
Assay  the  gold.  Delay  your  gayety.  Here  is  an  aflFray.  A  wayward  temper 
A  crayon  likeness. 

13.  Eight  skeins  of  silk.  Weigh  them.  A  heinous  crime.  Awe'gherand 
ganger.  Why  inveigh  against  him  ?  A  heavy  freight.  Weighty  cause.  The 
eighth  day.  Will  you  deign  to  obey  me  ?  Wine  whey.  Eagles  convey  their 
prey  to  their  eyry.  Horses  neigh.  Rein  them  in.  Truth  must  prevail.  A 
neighbor  of  mine.  The  sleigh  was  upset  The  queen's  reign.  Upbraid 
the  wicked. 

IV.    The  Sound  of  A  in  Fall. 

1.  All,  bald,  call,  false,  gall,  hall,  halt,  malt, 
Bait,  scald,  small,  squall,  stall,  wall,  waltz,  want. 
Dwarf,  quart,  sward,  swarm,  swart,  thwart,  war, 
ward,  warm,  warmth,  warn,  warp,  wart,  wharf. 

2.  All'spice,  al'der,  al'most,  al'so,  al'ter,  al'ways, 
bald'rick,  bal'sam,  cal'dron,  co'balt,  fal'ter,  hal'ter, 
jack'al,  pal'ter,  pal'^y,  pal' try.  Sa'co,  thral'dom, 
water.  Quarter,  swarYAy,  war'ble,  warden, 
warTa.re,  warrant,  ward'robe. 

3.  Ap-pair,  ba-salt,  be-fall,  ex-alt,  in-stall, 
re-call,  wi^A-al.  A-thwart,  a-ward,  re-ward. — 
Al'der-man,  al'ma-nac,  fal'si-fy.  —  Sub-al'tern. 

The  I  in  the  following  words  is  not  sounded. 

Calk,  chalk,  stalk,  talk,  walk.  —  Calk'er,  fal'con, 
talk'er,  fal'con  er. 
Words  in  which  au,  augh,  and  aw,  have  the  sound  of  a  in  fall. 

4.  Awl,  brawl,  brawn,  caw,  claw,  crawl,  dawn, 
draw,  drawl,  drawn,  fawn,  flaw,  bawk,  jaw,  law, 


A,    AS   m   FALL-  21 

lawn,  maw,  paw,  pawn,  raw,  saw,  scrawl,  shawl; 
spawn,  sprawl,  squaw,  straw,  thaw,  yawl,  yawn 
Cau5e,  clause,  daub,  fault,  fraud,  gauze,  haul,  laudj 
maul,  paunch,  pau^e,  sauce,  vault.  Aught,  caught, 
fraught,  naught,  taught. 

5.  Auburn,  auc'tion,  audit,  August,  author, 
cau cus,  caus'tic, cause' way,  centaur,  faucet,  gaudy 
maudlin,  pauper,  plau dit,  saucer,  sau'cy,  saus'ao^e 
vault'er.  Awk'ward,  baw'ble,  draw'er,  haw' thorn 
lawyer,  mawk'ish,  saw'yer,  taw'dry.  Daugh'ter 
haugh'ty,  naugh'ty,  slaugh'ter.     Dis-tr?,i7ght'. 

6.  Ap-plaud',  ap  plause,  as-sanU^  be  c^ase 
de-bauch,  de-fault,  de-fraud,  ex-haus^;.  Bu-shaw 
ma-caw,  wi^A-draw.  —  Au  di-bly,  cs«,i3.'li-flow  er 
au'gu-ry,  au'to-crat,  laud'a-num,  straw'ber-ry 
nau'ti-cal,  pau'ci-ty,  plaus'i-ble,  tom'-a-hawk 
au'di-ence.  —  De-fault' er,  hy-drauRc,  ma-raud'er 
tar-pau'lin.  —  A'er-o-naut.     In-au'gu-ral. 

Words  in  which  o,  oa,  ^/id  ough,  ha-je  the  sound  ofa  in  fall. 

7.  Born,  fork,  gor<5re,  gorse,  horse,  lord,  morn 
north,  scorn,  snort,  sort,  storm,  torch,  gone.  Broad 
Bought,  brought,  cou^h,*  fought-^  ought,  soughi 
thought,  trough.* 

8.  Border,  concord,  r.ord'a^e,  cor'net,  cor'saii 
corse'let  cortex,  discord,  dormant,  florid  for'copa 
form'al,  form'er,  fort'night,  fortress,  forward 
hornet,    hornpipe,     morbid,     moifning^     mortar 

*  Gh  here  Im  the  soi^sd  of/. 


18 


normal,  orbit,  porpoise,*  porridge,  scornful, 
Bcorn'er,  shoi-t'er,  sordid,  stormy,  thorny,  ter'pil. 
vortex. 

9.  Ab-sorb',    ab-hor,    ac-cord,    a-dom,    as-sort 
jon-form,    de-form,    dis-tort,    en-dorse,     ex-hort 
^x-tort,  t;r-lorn,  in-form,    per-form,  re-form,    re- 
morse, re-5ort,  re-tort,  sub-orn,  trans-form. 

10.  Cor  pu-lent,  ex'or-cwe,  hor  ta-tive,  or'di-nal, 
Qor^A'er-ly,  or'tho-dox,  porce-lain,  porcu-pme, 
por'rin-^er,  scor'pi-on,  sorcer-er,  tortu-ous. — 
A-bor'tive,  di^-or'der,  im-mor'tal,  im-por'tant, 
ca-lor'ic,  in-form'al,  re-cord'er,  re-form'er.  — 
Me-te-ofic. 

WRITING  AND  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

1 .  I  want  a  quart  of  warm  water.  A  small,  bald  dwarC  All  waltz  at 
tie  ball  in  the  hall.  A  horse  in  the  stall.  A  swarm  of  bees.  The  green 
Bward.  A  ward  of  the  citj.  The  covers  warp.  A  wart  on  my  hand.  A 
squall  of  wind.  A  swart  face.  Bitter  as  gall.  Thwart  the  false  boy.  Salt 
bay.     Malt  liquor.     Halt  there  !    Scal3  the  pan.     A  ship  at  the  wharf. 

2.  An  alder  tree.  Hear  me  also.  Always  busy.  Birds  warble.  A  halter 
for  the  palfrey.  A  paltry  wardrobe.  With  cobalt  we  color  glass.  Stop 
your  warfare.  A  swarthy  skin.  Smell  of  the  balsam.  A  big  quarto. 
Held  in  thraldom.  Never  palter  She  shakes  with  the  palsy  A  wardex. 
is  a  keeper.     The  jackal  ran.     I  warrant  the  watch. 

3.  A  just  award.  Exalt  the  lowly.  A  pillar  of  basalt.  Athwart  my 
path.  Recall  thy  words.  Install  him  into  office.  Her  song  inthralls  me. 
You  are  wise  withal.  The  alderman  has  an  almanac.  —  A  subaltern  in  ths 
army.  The  city  of  Chicago.  —  Let  us  talk  as  we  walk.  He  is  a  calker.  The 
falconer  made  the  falcon  fly.     A  bit  of  chalk. 

4.  Pause  on  the  lawn  to  see  the  fawn.  A  gauze  shawl.  The  yawl  sank 
L  fat  pauuch.  Shun  a  brawl.  He  fed  on  brawn.  He  jaught  a  hawk  by 
the  claw.  Rooks  caw.  A  clause  in  a  will.  Do  not  dr«^wl.  A  cold  vault 
The  spawn  of  fish.  An  Indian  squaw.  Who  taught  ycu  to  sprawl  7  8auo« 
fo?  the  goose.    Raw  meat.    Laud  the  good.    A  heap  cf  straw     The  iM 

•  Pronounoed  por'puM. 


29 


Chaws.     FraTjghl  with  danger.     Whose  fault  ?    A  flaw  in  the  gem.    Do  not 
maul  the  lad.     He  goes  to  pawn  his  law-books. 

6.  Auburn  hair.  Goods  at  auction.  The  month  of  August.  A  faucet 
for  the  cask.  Be  not  haughty,  my  daughter.  The  hawthorn  bush.  Audit 
my  account  An  awkward  author.  A  caustic  remark.  He  spoke  at  a 
caucus.  The  pauper  had  a  sausage.  Cross  the  causeway.  A  laurel  tree 
,  1  mawkish  style.  Naughty  boys.  Do  not  falter.  Who  ever  saw  a  centaur  ; 
An  awful  slaughter.  Hear  the  plaudits  !  A  sawyer  in  the  river.  A  saucj 
girl.  She  broke  a  saucer.  Put  it  in  the  drawer.  My  drawers  are  torn.  I 
%m  distraught  with  woe. 

6.  The  bashaw  has  a  macaw.  To  debauch  is  to  corrupt.  Never  defraud, 
A  wicked  assault.  He  was  audible  to  the  audience.  A  good  augury.  A 
nautical  song.  A  paucity  of  good  fruit.  Laudanum  is  made  from  opium* 
A  plausible  story.  Cauliflower  for  dinner.  The  marauders  stole  a  sheep. 
An  Indian  tomahawk.  Shun  the  defaulter.  A  hydraulic  ram.  Nail  down 
the  tarpaulin.  —  The  aeronaut  is  to  go  up  in  a  balloon. 

7.  He  brought  me  a  fork.  I  thought  him  a  lord.  He  is  gone  north.  A 
broftid  plank.  He  lit  a  torch.  An  acorn  fell.  A  snow-storm.  I  bought  a 
book.  Pigs  snort  Morn  and  eve.  The  dogs  fought  Scorn  a  lie.  A 
narrow  gorge.     Gorse  grows  there.     A  bad  cough. 

8.  A  border  of  box.  Live  in  concord.  Cordage  for  the  ship.  Sound  tht 
cornet.  The  sel'geant  wore  a  corselet.  His  wife  wore  corsets.  Snakes  lit 
dormant  and  torpid  in  winter.  A  lormal  demand.  Two  weeks  are  a  fort- 
night. I  took  out  the  thorn  with  a  pair  of  forceps.  A  peach  orchard.  A 
strong  fortress.  Move  forward.  A  normal  school.  Bricks  and  mortar.  A 
morsel  of  cake.  A  sad  discord.  Sip  the  porridge.  The  porpoise  is  a  clums/ 
fish.     A  hornet  stung  her.     Lost  in  a  vortex. 

9.  A  forlorn  hope.  He  will  endorse  the  note.  Assort  the  beads.  Extorl 
his  consent.  I  besought  him  to  reform.  He  felt  no  remorse.  I  exhort  yoii 
to  resort  there  no  more.  A  sponge  absorbs  water.*  Abhor  evil.  Conform 
to  the  good.  The  bad  glass  distorts.  They  tried  to  suborn  the  witnesa 
What  did  he  retort  ? 

10.  A  corpulent  man.  A  scorpion  stung.  A  porcupine  quill.  A  tort- 
aous  road.  A  porcelain  cup.  The  wind  is  northerly.  A  hortative  remark. 
The  orthodox  faith.  A  porringer  of  milk.  Exorcise  the  evil  spirit.  H« 
would  be  a  sorcerer.  An  abortive  task.  Caloric  is  heat.  The  immoital 
is?il.    What  13  her  disorder  7    Important  news.     Meteoric  flashes. 

To  THE  Teacher.  —  In  dictating  the  Exercises,  much  time,  usually  occupied 
\n  correcting,  may  be  saved,  by  requiring  the  pupils  to  spell  aloud  the  ezsmpU 
fjiug  words  they  write  down,  as  tl\e  lesson  proceedB. 

3* 


10  THE   BOUND    OF  LONG   A   IN   CARS. 

V.    The  Sound  of  long  A  in  Care. 

1  Bare,  blare,  daje,  fare,  flare,  glare,  raro^ 
scarce,  scare,  share,  snare,  spare,  square.  —  Daring, 
care'ful,  parent,  wel'fare.  —  A- ware',  be- ware, 
corn-pare,  de-clare,  fare-well,  in-snare,  pre-pare.  — 
Par'en-tage,  scar -ci-ty.  Ap-par  ent,  trans- par  ent. 
Words  in  which  ai,  ay,  c,  ea,  and.  ei,  have  the  scnind  of  a  in  care. 

2.  Air,  chair,  fair,  hair,  lair,  pair,  stair.  Bear, 
pear,  swear,  tear,  wear.  Ther^^  where.  —  Corsair, 
fairy,  gair'ish,  pray'er,  whereTore.  —  Af-fair,  de- 
spair, for-bear,  for-swear,  im-pair,  mo-hair,  par-terre, 
re-pair,  TAeir. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES 

1.  A  square  box.  The  glare  of  the  sun.  A  blare  is  a  noiie.  Good  pen* 
are  scarce.  Spare  the  birds.  Scare  them  not.  A  rare  fish.  Give  him  hia 
share.  The  candle  flares.  —  A  daring  pjirent.  Beware  the  snare.  Compare 
notes.  Prepare  to  go.  I  hope  for  your  welfare.  Then  farewell !  —  A  scar- 
city of  com.  I  know  not  her  parentage.  A  transparent  door.  An  apparent 
crime. 

2.  Swear  not  at  all.  Where  ♦  did  she  wear  that  dress  7  A  tiger's  lair. 
A  mohair  chair.  A  fairy  story.  Wherefore  read  it  ?  The  corsair  fled.  A 
bad  afiair.  Repair  the  cart.  She  is  in  despair.  Forbear  to  strike.  Floweri 
in  the  parterre.  Do  not  impair  your  health.  A  pair  of  shoes.  A  pear  to 
•at.    Tear  the  paper.    They  took  their  wives  there. 

^VL    The  Sound  of  A  in  Ask. 
According  to  Walker,  and  other  orthoepists,  the  a  in  this  class 
of  words  has  the  sound  of  short  a  in  hat ;  according  t®  Wcbstor 
and  others,  it  has  the  sound  of  a  in  far.     An  easy  sound,  not  so 
clfjse  as  the  one,  nor  so  broad  as  the  other,  is  now  preferred. 

*need  the  aspirate  in  such  words  as  where,  vohich,  wAen,  ^ohey,  4I0.,  iii 
which  the  h  is  sounded  before  w,  though  written  after  it.  Thoy  should  be 
audibly  distinguished  from  wear,  witch,  wen,  way,  4o.  As  words  beginning 
with  wh  will  not  unfrcquontly  occur,  the  teacher's  attonti»n  is  particalarly  in« 
rited  to  the  correct  enunciation  of  this  combination,  the  aspirate  to  whieh 
li  too  C2ten  ;>miUed  altogether. 


A,    AS   IN    ASK. —  LONG   E,    AS   IN   BE  31 

1  Asp,  bask,  blast,  branch,  cask,  cast  chaff, 
chance,  chant,  clasp,  class,  craft,  dance,  fast,  flask, 
gasp,  glance,  glass,  graft,  grant,  grass,  haft,  hasp, 
lance,  last,  mask,  mass,  mast,  pant,  pass,  past, 
prance,  quaff,  rasp,  shaft,  slant,  staff,  task,  trance, 
vast,  waft. 

2.  Cas'ket,  chandler,  jasper,  mastiff,  pas'eive, 
pass'port,  plas'ter,  raft'er,  sam'plc,  slander.  — 
Ad-vance',  a-mass,  as-kance,  en-chant,  en-hance, 
re-past.  —  Ad- vantage,  dis-as'ter,  sala-man-der, 
ex-am'ple,  mo-las'ses,  pi-las'ter.  —  Al'a-bas-ter. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  An  asp  bit  her  arm.  A  glance  in  the  glass.  Quaff  from  the  cask.  I 
set  the  lass  a  task.  She  was  lying  in  a  trance.  The  haft  has  a  clasp.  Rasp 
the  slate.  By  chance  I  hit  her  with  a  lance.  The  branch  fell  on  the  grass. 
The  chaff  flew  before  the  blast.  Slant  the  shaft  more.  Put  down  the  flask. 
May  fair  winds  waft  on  the  ship  !     See  the  horse  prance. 

2.  Plaster  fell  from  the  rafter.  A  ship  chandler.  My  repast  is  in  a 
basket.  A  jasper  ring  in  a  casket  The  mastiff  bites.  Answer  his  slander. 
A  passive  verb.  She  looked  askance  at  me.  He  will  enhance  his  price.  An 
alabaster  vase.  A  salamander  safe.  The  advantage  of  a  good  example. 
Why  amass  more  ?  Music  enchants  me.  The  pilaster  fell.  A  hogshead  of 
no!  asses. 

VH.    The  Sound  of  long  E,  as  in  Be,  &e. 

1.  Breve,  cede,  eke,  glebe,  mere,  mete,  scene, 
sere,  theme,  th^sQ,  —  Athlete,  con  ere te,  de  cent, 
de'mon,  edict,  fre'quent,  le'^end,  lever,  penult, 
petrel,  pre'cept,  pre'cinct,  re'flux,  se'cret. 

2.  Ac-cede',    ad-here,    aus-tere,  co-here,    com 
plete,  con-cede,  con-vene,  ef-fete,  ex-treme,  im-pede, 
o-bese,  pre-cede,  re-cede,  re-plete,  re-  vere,  se-cedo 
60  Crete,  sii-cere,  su-preme.  —  Ob'so-lete,  pe'ri-od« 


82  LONG   E,    AS   m   BE. 

ste've-dore.  ~  An-te-cede',  con-tra-vene,  in-ter-cede, 
in-ter-fere,  in-ter-vene,  per-se-vere,  su-per-sede, 
Bu-per-vene.  —  He'li-o-trope. 

Words  in  which  ca  has  the  soutid  of  long  e. 

3.  Bead,  beak,  beam,  bean,  beard,  beast,  bleach, 
bleak,  blear,  bleat,  breach,  brea^Ae,  cease,  cheap, 
cheat,  clean,  cleave,  cleat,  cream,  crease,  deal, 
dream,  each,  ear,  east,  eave5,  fear,  fleam,  freak, 
gleam,  glean,  heal,  heat,  lead,  leaf,  leap,  lease, 
leash,  least,  leave,  meal,  neap,  neat,  pea,  peak, 
peach,  peat,  plea,  plead,  please,  preach. 

4.  Eeach,  read,  ream,  reap,  screak,  scream,  seat, 
sheaf,  shears,  sheath,  shea^Ae,  sheaves,  smear,  sneak, 
speak,  squeak,  squeal,  streak,  stream,  tea,  teach, 
teak,  teal,  team,  tears,  tease,  treat,  tweak,  veal, 
weal,  wean,  weave,  wheat,  yea  (also-  pronounced 
yd)^  yeast,  zeal. 

5.  Bea'con,  beak'er,  bea'ver,  dea'con,  drear'y, 
ea'ger, eagle, easel,  ea'sy,  greasy,  mea ger,  measles, 
peacock,  reason,  seam'stress,  sleazy,  squeam'ish, 
treacle,  treat'ise,  treaty,  wea'ry,  yearling. 

6.  An-neal',  ap-peal,  ap-pear,  ap-pease,  ar-rear, 
be-nea^A,  be-quea^^,  be-speak,  be-reave,  bo-hea, 
con-ceal,  con-^eal,  de-cease,  de-feat,  de-mc;an, 
dis-ease,  dis-please,  en-dear,  cl -treat,  im-peach, 
mal-treat,  mis-lead,  re-lease,  re-peal,  re-peat, 
re- treat,  re -veal.  —  Feas'i-ble.     In-de  feas'i-ble. 

Words  in  tohich  ee  has  the  sound  of  long  e. 

7     Beef,  beeves,  bleed,  breed,  breeze,  cheek 


LONG   E,    AS   IN   BE.  33 

cheer,  cheese,  creed,  creep,  deed,  deem,  deep,  eel, 
fee,  feel,  fleece,  fleet,  free,  glee,  green,  greet,  jeer, 
keel,  keen,  keep,  leer,  lees,  meek,  peep,  queer,  reef 
reek,  reel,  screech,  screen,  seed,  seek,  see^Ae,  sheen, 
sheep,  sheet,  sleek,  sleep,  sleet,  sleeve,  sneer,  sneeze, 
speech,  speed,  spleen,  squeeze,  steed,  steep,  steer, 
teeth,  three,  veer,  weed,  weep,  wheeze. 

8.  Bee'tle,  fee'ble,  flee'cy,  free'man,  greed'y, 
keep'sake,  linseed,  meeting,  nee'dle,  pee'vish, 
steeple,  twee'zers.  —  A-gree',  a-greed,  a-sleep, 
be-seech,  be-tween,  can-teen,  ca-reen,  ca-reer, 
com-peer,  de-cree,  de-gree,  dis-creet,  es-teem, 
ex-ceed,  fore-see,  fu-see,  gen-teoi,  gran-dee, 
grant-ee,  in-deed,  les-see,  mo-rt-en,  pro-ceed, 
ra-zee,  re-deem,  set-tee,  suc-ceed,  trust-ee,  tu-reen. 
un-seen,  ve-neer. 

9.  Apo-gee,  chant'i-cleer,  fil'a-gree,  ju'bi-lee, 
ped'i-gree,  per  i-^ee.  —  Ab-sent-ee',  auc'tion-eer, 
dev-o-tee,  dom-i~neer,  en-^i-neer,  fric-as-see, 
gaz-et-teer,  leg-a-tee.  mu-le-teer,  mu-ti-neer,  nom- 
i-nee,  o-ver-seer,  pat-ent-ee,  pi-o-neer,  pri-va-teer, 
ref-er  ee,  ref-u-^ee,  rep-ar-tee,  vol-un-teer. 

Words  in  which  ei  has  the  sound  of  long  e. 

As  a  general  rule,  the  31st  elementary  sound  (that  of  5  in  so)  takot 
tt  after  it,  instead  of  ie;  as  in  sdze,  ceil'ing,  &c.  The  exceptions  are» 
fieyc,  Ji-nan-cier',  and  cui-rass-ier^  (pronounced  kwe-ras-seer') . 

10.  Seize,  weird.  —  Ceilmg,  ei^Aer,  leisure, 
neither,  seizure.  —  Con-ceit',  con-ceive,  de-ceit, 
de-ceive,  per  ceive,  re-ceij?t,  re-ceive.  —  In-vei'gle( 
o-bei'sance. 


84  LONG   £,    AS   IN   BE. 

Wo7'ds  in  which  ie  and  co  have  the  sou7id  ofloiig  e. 

11.  Brief,  chief,  Bef,  field,  fiend,  fierce,  grief^ 
grieve,  lie^e,  niece,  piece,  pierce,  priest,  shield^ 
shriek,*  sie^e,  thief,  thieve,  tierce,  wield,  yield. — 
Prai'rie,  se'rie5.  —  Peo'ple. 

12.  A-chieve',  ag-grieve,  be-lief,  be-lieve, 
be-sie^e,  cash-ier,\  front-ier,  re-lieve,  re-prieve, 
re-lief,  re-trieve,  sor-tie.  —  Brig-a-dier,  cav-a-lier, 
jjap-a-pie,  fi-nan-cier,  gren-a-dier. 

Words  in  which  i  /las  the  sound  of  long  e. 

13.  Ca-price',  ma-rine,  pe-lisse,  po-lice,  ra-vine 
ra-lise.  —  Am'ber-gris,  ver'di-gris.  —  Bom-ba-5in', 
mag-a-zine,  man-da-rin,  quar-an-tine,  tam-bour-ine 

WRITING  AND   DICTATION   EXERCISES. 

1.  Cede  the  glebe  to  him.  We  can  eke  out  a  meal.  A  breve  is  a  note  in 
music.  Here  is  my  theme.  A  sere  leaf.  Mere  nonsense.  —  A  concrete 
aiass.  Lift  the  lever.  Smell  the  ether.  The  petrel  flies.  The  king's  edict 
Obese  is  fat.   The  temper  of  a  demon.   Keep  my  secret.   The  college  precincts. 

2.  An  austere  reproof.  The  parts  cohere.  Be  sincere.  Extreme  cold. 
Dogs  secrete  food.  A  complete  suit.  Accede  to  my  request.  Adhere  to  the 
good.  The  penult  is  the  last  syllable  but  one.  Precede  us.  Convene  th« 
scholars.  You  impede  the  road.  The  supreme  good.  Replete  with  joy.  — 
Ab  obsolete  custom.  A  period,  or  full  stop.  The  stevedore  loads  the  ship.  — 
Persevere  in  well-doing.  Intercede  to  make  peace.  Contravene  his  attempt 
The  new  book  will  supersede  the  old.  Here  the  noun  antecedes  the  verb 
Plant  the  heliotrope. 

8.  Glass  beads.  A  bird's  beak.  Bleach  the  cloth.  A  crease  in  my  vest. 
41ic  eaves  of  the  house.  A  bleak  wind.  A  cheap  peach.  A  long  beaixi. 
Blear-eyed.  Lambs  bleat.  They  cease  to  breathe.  A  deal  of  cream.  A 
Aoap  tide.    A  fleam  is  for  bleeding  boasts.    He  nailed  on  a  cleat    Each  ear. 

•  Give  heod  to  the  proper  enunciation  of  sh  in  words  beginning  with  the  com 
«iination  $hr.  Do  not  lay  sriek,  tred,  srub,  *'tv>  *"''»  in^^-ea^  of  ahriik,  skrmi 
•^mJif  thugt  tftnll. 


LONG   E,    AS    IN   BE.  35 

Lead  as  on.  Leap  year.  Heal  the  sick.  A  high  peak  Shell  the  p«a& 
Cleave  'he  wood.     Put  in  a  plea  for  me. 

4.  Rsach  me  the  shears.  A  sheaf  of  wheat.  Sheathe  the  blade.  Th« 
iheath  is  old  Yeast  for  the  cake.  A  ream  of  paper.  Read  the  bock, 
Bmcar  the  tree.  Speak  louder.  A  veal  pie.  Pigs  squeal.  A  streak  in  the 
east  The  common  weal.  Wean  the  babe.  He  is  no  sneak.  Take  your 
seat.     The  stream  flows.     AVhat  is  teak  ?  teal  ? 

5.  The  beacon  light.  The  beaver  dam.  Deacon  Smith.  A  dreary  road. 
Eager  to  play.  An  easy  chair.  Her  hands  are  greasy.  The  seamstress  is 
weary.  She  is  meager,  too.  A  treatise  on  corns.  Treacle  is  sweet.  A 
yearling  is  one  a  year  old. 

6.  Beneath  a  tree.  Anneal  the  glass.  Appeal  to  him.  Appease  his  rage» 
You  bereave  me  of  hope.  Bohea  tea.  When  did  his  decease  take  place  7 
What  was  his  disease  ?  Water  congeals.  Impeach  the  witness.  It  is  net 
feasible.  His  claim  is  indefeasible.  Repeal  the  act.  The  foe  retreat.  Re- 
fease  the  captive.     His  account  is  in  arrear. 

7.  Roast  beef.  A  sweet  cheese.  A  breed  of  sheep.  What  cheer  ?  The 
Oreeze  veers.  Steer  the  ship  far  from  the  reef.  A  fleet  steed.  Sweep  the 
street.  Squeeze  him  and  he  will  screech.  A  queer  sleeve.  Slow  of  speech 
Xhe  vessel's  keel.  A  sleek  fleece.  Eeed  the  eel.  The  angler's  reel.  Pull 
up  the  weed.  A  green  tree.  A  wet  sheet.  The  earth  reeks.  Screen  him 
frdm  sight.     The  lees  of  wine. 

8.  Linseed  oil.  The  steeple  was  blown  over.  A  fleecy  lamb.  A  peevish 
jirl.  Tweezers  to  pull  out  a  thorn.  A  keepsake  for  you.  Thread  the 
needle.  Do  not  tread  on  the  beetle.  A  greedy  child.  —  It  is  agreed  between 
us.  A  tureen  of  soup.  Be  discreet.  A  full  canteen.  Careen  the  boat. 
The  career  of  the  lessee  was  short.  A  j^enteel  dress.  We  sat  on  the  settee. 
Veneer  the  box.  He  steps  like  a  grandee.  JMoreen  curtains.  Razee  the 
»hip.     Light  ^he  fusee.     One  of  the  trustees  of  tiis  schocL 

.  9.  Wfc  call  our  rooster  Chanticleer.  A  day  of  jubilee.  Filagree  woik 
A  oolt's  pedigree.  —  An  absentee  from  home.  An  auctioaetr's  sale.  Thv 
engineer  tries  to  c'omincer.  Is  the  name  of  our  town  in  the  gazetteer  ?  A 
muleteer  drives  a  mule.  A  wes^srn  pioneer.  The  overseer  cf  an  estaic  A 
imart  repartee.  The  mutineer  was  shot.  A  Polish  refugee.  A  voIu:it*>ar 
(n  the  army.     A  fricassee  of  chicken.    The  people  fled. 

10.  Seize  the  weird  woman.  He  can  touch  the  ceiling.  Either  you  try 
So  deceive,  or  do  not  perceive  the  truth.  A  seizure  of  rum.  A  moment  of 
leisure.  I  owe  you  no  obeisance.  Receipt  my  bill.  Your  3onceit  maked 
me  smile.     They  could  not  inveigle  him  to  do  wrong. 

11.  A  brief  ride.  The  chief  is  in  the  field.  Raise  the  siege.  We  made 
the  thief  yield.  He  had  the  look  of  a  fiend.  My  little  niece.  Shield  bei 
from  harm.  A  fierce  8tri%.  His  land  is  held  in  fief  A  tierce  of  beef 
Pierce  the  bag.     My  liege,  ^  cannot-     A  series  of  lossea     A  prairfe  on  fire 


36  SHORT   E,    AS   IN   MET. 

12.  The  cashier  of  a  bank.  Indians  on  the  frontier.  Do  you  belieye  ike 
l^ill  have  a  reprieve  ?  He  will  yet  retrieve  his  fame,  and  achieve  great 
things.  The  enemy  made  a  sortie.  A  brigadier  general.  Ue  was  armed 
cap-a-pie.     Our  cavalier  is  no  financier.     The  grenadier  wore  a  cap. 

13.  My  pelisse  was  in  the  valise.  Report  your  loss  to  the  police.  A  deep 
ravine.  I  am  weary  of  her  caprice.  —  Ambergris  has  the  smell  of  w«ix 
Verdigris  is  green.  She  had  a  bombasin  dress.  A  powder  magazine.  A 
fhip  in  quarantine.     A  Chinese  mandarin.     She  plays  on  the  tambourine. 

VIII.    The  Sound  of  Short  E  in  Met. 

1.  Beck,  bench,  fclench,  blend,  bless,  check, 
ehess,  cleft,  clench,  crept,  crest,  deck,  dell,  delve, 
dense,  depth,  dredge,  drench,  dwell,  ebb,  ed^e,  elk, 
ell,  else,  etch,  fence,  fend,  fled^/e,  fresh,  hed(/e, 
hemp,  hence,  kelp,  kept,  led^e,  lens,  mend,  mesh, 
next,  pence,  pledge. 

2.  Quell,  quench,  quest,  reck,  sect,  self,  sense, 
sex,  shelf,  shell,  sketch,  sledge,  smell,  smelt,  speck^ 
spell,  spend,  stress,  stretch,  swell,  swept,  tense, 
tenth,  text,  theft,  ^/lence,  thresh,  trench,  twelve, 
vend,  wed^e,  weld,  when,  whet,  yell. 

3.  Bel'fry,  cherub,  despot,  errand,  errant, 
erring,  fet'id,  fetlock,  (/er'tind,  helmet,  hemlock 
in' quest,  ket'tle,  lev ee,  merry,  messmate,  meth'od, 
ne^A'er,  pellet,  pest'er,  preb'end,  relic,  relict, 
selvedge,  sec'ond,  sheriff,  skeptic,  tenet,  tepid, 
velvet,  very. 

4.  A-bet',  ac-cess,  a-dept,  ad-dress,  al-le^e, 
an-nex,  as-cend,  as-sess,  as-sets,  at-tempt,  a-ven^e, 
be-hest,  be-quest,  ca-det,  ca-ress,  com  mence, 
con-dense,  con-fess,  con-nect,  con-sent,  con-tempt^ 
con-tent,  de-fense,*  de-fect,  de-press. 

•  Defense,  offense,  pretense,  are  »o  epolt  by  Webster;  but  Walker  spoils  then 
has    dejencf    offence,  pT:tf^.>:r 


SHORT   E,    AS   IN   MET.  31 

6.  De-tect,  de-test,  dis-pense,  di>?-sect,  dis-sent, 
di-vest,  ef-fect,  e-lect,  e-rect,  ex-cel,  ex-cept, 
ex-empt,  ex-pect,  ex-pel,  ex-pense,  ex-press, 
ex-tent,  fi-nesse,  fo-ment,  ga-zette,  him-self, 
im-pel,  im-mense,  in-fleet,  in-ject,  in-spect,  in- 
tense, in-tent,  in-trench,  in-vent,  mo-lest,  of-fense, 
op-press,  neg-lect,  per-plex,  po6-5ess,  pre-pense, 
pre-tense,  pre-text,  pre-vent,  pro-fess,  pro-pel. 

6.  Pro-tect,  re-dress,  re-flect,  re-fresh,  re-gret, 
re-lent,  re-pel,  re-pent,  re-press,  re-quest,  re-5ent, 
re-spect,    re-trench,    re-ven^/e,    se-lect,    suc-cess, 
su^r-^est,*   sus-pect,   sus-pense,   tran-scend,  trans 
gress,  un-less,  por-tent. 

7.  Ecs'ta-sy,  her'e-tic,  mem'o-ry,  mes'sen-^er, 
mez'zo-tint,  quer'u-lous,  rec'om-pense,  ret'ro-grade, 
ret'ro-spect,  splene-tic,  terri-er.  —  Au-then'tic, 
con-tem'ner,  de-vel'op,  (/e-ner'ic,  ma-jestic,  pre- 
ceptress. —  Cir-cum-vent',  in-ter-cept,  rec-ol-lect, 
rep-re-5ent. 

Words  in  which  a,  ai,  and  ay,  have  the  sound  cfQin  met. 

8.  Said,  saith,  says. —  A'ny, many. —  Waist'coat, 
wainscot.     A-gain',  a-gainst. 

Words  in  which  ea  has  the  sound  of  q  in  met. 

9.  Bread,  breadth,  breast,  breath,  cleanse,  dead, 
deaf,  dealt,  death,   dread,   dreamt,   head,   health, 

•  According  to  Walker,  and  some  other  orthoepists,  the  first  g  of  this  word 
ought  to  be  sounded  hard,  as  in  hug;  but,  as  we  gain  in  ease  and  rapidity  of 
enunciation  by  merging  it  in  the  sound  of  y,  custom  has  sanctioned  this  depart* 
»re  from  rule     Pronounce  the  word     ud-jest'. 

4 


88  SHORT  E,    AS   IN   MET. 

meant,  read,  realm,  spread,  stead,  stealth,  sweat, 
thread,  threat,  tread,  wealth. 

10.  Brealc'fast, cleanly, deadly^, fea^A'er, health y, 
hea/A'er,  heav'en,  heavy,  jeal'ous,  lead'en,  lea^A'er, 
leav'en,  mead'ow,  mea^'ure,  pea^'ant,  plea^'ant, 
ready,  stead'fast,  steady,  threat'en,  treas'ure, 
weapon,  wea^A'er,  zeal'ot,  zeal'ous.  —  In-stead'.  — 
Clean'li-ness,  plea^'ant-l^,  treach'er-y,  trea^'u-ry 
—  Al-read'y,  en-deav'or. 

Words  in  which  so,  ei,  co,  ie,  u,  a?id  uc,  have  the  sound  of  short  < 

11.  Feoff,  friend,  guess,  guest. — Bury,  friend'ly, 
friend'ship,  heifer,  jeopard,  leopard.  —  Bui i-al, 
jeop'ard-y.  j^s-thet'ic.  Non-pa-reil'.  Di-8ef'*j-sis, 
et-cset'e-ra. 

WRITING  AND  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

1.  Sit  on  the  bench.  He  came  at  my  beck.  To  blench  b  to  shrink.  The 
fame  of  chess.  The  wood  was  cleft.  A  dense  smoke.  Dredge  the  meat 
He  can  etch  on  copper.  I  see  no  one  else.  Fend  off  the  attack.  A  ledge 
of  rocks.     Kelp  is  from  sea-weed.     Go  hence  !     Look  through  the  lens. 

2.  Quench  the  fire.  Go  in  quest  of  the  elk.  The  smelt  swims.  A  wedge 
of  gold.  A  sledge  hammer.  He  dug  a  trench.  Weld  the  pieces.  To  vend 
is  to  sell.  The  tenth  hour.  What  was  the  text  ?  Twelve  shells.  The  stress 
of  the  voice.  I  reck  not  what  they  say.  She  swept  the  carpet.  Stretch 
the  rope. 

3.  My  merry  messmate  was  found  in  the  belfry.  He  had  a  kettle  en  for 
a  hclnet.  Tepid  water.  A  fetid  smell.  I  sent  her  on  an  errand.  Trim 
tho  fetlock  A  velvet  dress.  The  selvedge  of  the  cloth.  A  relic  of  the  lost 
one.  Mrs.  B.,  the  relict  or  widow  of  Mr.  B.  The  prince  is  a  despot.  Stnd 
for  the  sheriff.  The  skeptic  does  not  believe.  Hemlock  is  poison.  They 
kold  an  inquest.     My  nether  garment.     A  strange  tenet. 

4.  Attempt  not  to  avenge  thyself.  Condense  your  remarks.  Caress  th«i 
•hild.  You  allege  what  is  not  correct.  The  cadet  has  a  bequest.  What  ar« 
his  assets  7    Do  not  abet  the  bad.   An  adept  in  crime.   What  is  your  address . 

5.  Try  to  excel.  An  immense  fire.  The  gazette  was  sent  by  express. 
U  seems  to  me  like  finesse.     What  can  j^i  expect?    Exempt  firom  blftme 


THE   SOUND    OP  E   IN   HER.  39 

Dissect  the  luck.  Inspect  the  ship.  You  depress  her  by  your  talk.  Why 
oppress  the  poor  ?  My  pain  is  intense.  A  defect  in  his  title.  Do  nr.t  foment 
discord.     The  member  elect.     Erect  the  tent. 

G.  You  perplex  me  by  your  pretext.  Do  not  resent  it.  I  wislx  you  suc- 
cess. I  possess  all  I  want.  Neglect  her  not.  You  profess  too  much.  Refresh 
yourself.  Protect  the  weak.  Seek  not  revenge.  I  relent  Propel  the  car 
Malice  prepense.  You  transcend  my  hopes.  Let  me  suggest  that  you  keep 
him  in  suspense. 

7.  The  terrier  barks.  A  retrograde  movement.  A  querulous  voice.  My 
memory  fails.  Call  him  not  a  heretic.  A  fit  of  ecstasy.  A  mezzotint  print, 
Recompense  the  messenger.  A  splenetic  temper.  The  retrospect  of  my 
deeds.  —  An  authentic  account.  A  contemner  of  things  good.  Interrogate 
the  preceptress.    A  generic  name.    Recollect  my  charge.    Intercept  the  thief 

8,  9.  He  says  he  has  not  any  waistcoat.  Many  are  as  badly  off.  She  hit 
her  head  against  the  wainscot.  She  read  in  his  stead.  I  dreamt  a  dream. 
She  dealt  out  bread  to  the  hungry.  The  sweat  of  thy  brow.  He  meant 
well.  The  realm  of  death.  Cleanse  thy  breast.  Too  deaf  to  hear.  In 
good  health. 

10.  Breakfast  is  ready.  The  peasant  stood  on  the  heather.  A  feather 
for  your  cap.  Pleasant  weather.  Leaven  for  the  bread.  A  zealous  wilL 
Hope  in  heaven.  Measure  the  weapon.  Endeavor  to  be  cleanly.  Hate 
bU  treachery.  Gold  in  the  treasury.  A  belt  of  leather.  The  grass  of  th« 
meadow. 

11.  Guess  who  is  my  guest.  We  will  not  jeopard  our  friendship.  The 
leopard  has  spots.  The  miser  means  to  bury  his  gold.  Nonpareil  type.  To 
feoff  is  to  invest  with  the  fee  of  land.  An  aesthetic  taste.  The  heifer  lows. 
Et  catera  are  two  Latin  words,  meaning  and  so  forth.  We  sometimes  use 
this  mark  &c.  in  place  of  them.  A  diseresis  is  a  mark  used  to  show  the  sep- 
aration of  syllables,  as  in  Zoe. 

IX.    The  Sound  of  E  in  Her. 

1.  Clerk,  err,  erst,  fern,  ^erm,  nerb,  herd,  jerk, 
ner^/e,  nerve,  perch,  pert,  serge,  serve,  sperm,  stern, 
iwerve,  term,  terse,  verb,  ver^e,  verse,  were,  wert. 

2.  Adverb,  adverse,  bit'tern,  cav'ern,  cis'tern, 
clergy,  com'merce,  di'ver^,  di'verse,  ferment,  fervid, 
fifbert,  govern,  hal'berd,  herdsman,  hermit,  ice'berg, 
lantern,  mer'cer,  merchant,  mercy,  mermaid, 
mod' em,  nervous, nori^A'ern, o'vert,  pas'tem,  per  feet. 


iO  THE   SOUND   OP  B  DC  HEB. 

perjure,  person,  pos'tem,  pot'sherd,  proverb, 
sherbet,  slat'tern,  serv'ant,  shepherd,  sterling, 
Mere'fore,  trav erse,  verdict,  vertex. ' 

3.  Ad-vert',  a-lert,  a-merce,  as-perse,  a-ver, 
a-verse,  co-erce,  con-cem,  con-ver^/e,  con-verse, 
de-fer,  de-5erve,  dis-perse,  di-ver(/e,  di-vert, 
e-mer^e,  ex-pert,  in-ert,  in-fer,  in-sert,  in-ter, 
in-verse,  in-vert,  ob-5erve,  per-verse,  pre-fer, 
pre-5erve,  re-fer,  re-^crve,  re- verse,  re-vert,  sub- 
merge, sub-vert,  su-perb,  trans-verse. 

4.  Con  tro-vert,  fer  til-ize,  mer  ci-ful,  mer  cu-ry, 
per'fi-dy,  per'fo-rate,  per'ju-ry,  per'se-cute,  per- 
son-al,  per'ti-nent,  ser'pen-tine,  ter'ma-gant,  uni- 
verse, ver'te-bral,  ver'ti-cal. —  E-nerv'ate,  in-fer  nal, 
im-mer'sion,  im-per'fect,  in-ter'nal,  in-ter  pret, 
ma-ter  nal,  pa-ter  nal,  pre-5erv'er,  re-vers'al,  su-per - 
i4al.  —  Dis-con-cert',  in-ter- sperse.  —  Ad-ver  si-ty, 
re-ver  ber-ate.  —  An-i-mad-vert'. 

Words  in  which  ea  has  the  sound  of  c  z?i  her. 

5.  Dearth,  earl,  earn,  earth,  heard,  hearse,  learo 
pearl,  search,  yearn.  —  Early,  eam'est,  earth'ep 
earthy,  learning,  pearly.  —  Re-hearse',  re-searcl^ 
Re-hears'al. 

Words  in  which  i  has  the  sound  ofetn  her. 

6.  Birch,  chirp,  dir^e,  dirk,  dirt,  firm,  first,  flirt, 
mirth,  quirk,  shirt,  skirt,  sir,  smirch,  smirk,  spirt^ 
squirt,  stir,  third,  thirst,  twirl,  whirl.  —  Circle, 
firkin,  irk'some,  nadir,  skirmish,  squir rel,  stirrup, 
thirty,  virgin. —  Hir-sute',  in-firm.  —  Cir'cu-lar. 


THE   SOUND    OF   E   m   HER.  41 

IVords  in  which  o  and  ou  have  the  sound  of  q  in  her 

7.  Scoitrj/e,  word,  work,  world,  worm,  worse, 
fvort,  worth. — Journal,  jour'ney,«o'JGurn,  workman, 
worldly,  worship,  wor^Ay.  Ad-joum'.  Court'e-sy 
At-torney. 

Words  in  which  u,  ue,  and  y,  have  the  sound  of  q  in  her. 

8.  Blur,  burn,  burst,  church,  churl,  churn,  cur, 
curb,  curd,  curl,  curse,  curve,  durst,  furl,  hurl, 
hurt,  lurk,  myrrh,  nurse,  purr,  pur^/e,  purse,  scurf, 
slur,  spur,  spurn,  surd,  surf,  sur^e,  turf,  turn,  ur^e, 

9.  Burden,  burdock,  burglar,  burly,  cur'few, 
furlong,  furnish,  furry,  fur ^Aer,  guerdon,  gurnet, 
martyr, murder, murk'y? murmur, myrtle,  nursling, 
purport,  purpose,  purser,  Saturn,  sa'tyr,  suburbs, 
surname,  Thur^'day,  tiir key,  turnkey,  turnip. -  • 
Sur'ci^^-gle. 

10.  Ab-surd',  con-cur,  de-mur,  dis-burse,  dia 
turb,  in-cur,  in-urn,  oc-cur,  re-cur,  re- turn,  un-furl. 
a-5urp. —  Sur'^er-y,  lit'ur-f/y,  tur  pen-tine,  tur'bu 
lent. —  De-mur'rer,  di-urn'al,  dis-cur'sive,  in-sur' 
gent,  noc-tur  nal,  pre-cur'sor,  sub-ur  ban,  un-bur'den 
u-5urp'er. —  Re-im-burse'. —  Ap-pur  te-nant. 

DICTATION  AND   WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 .  They  were  on  the  verge  of  ruin.  Does  not  the  clerk  err  ?  Sperm  cii 
Which  is  Ihe  verb  ?  If  thou  wert  port,  say  so.  Thou  wast  stern.  I  ivaa 
erst  expert  in  writing  terse  verse.  Taste  of  the  perch.  Serge  is  a  fcin 
Woolen  stuff.  The  herbs  of  the  field.  I  love  the  smell  of  fern.  Swerve  not 
to  the  right  or  left.     The  germ  sprouts. 

2.  A  deep  cistern.  They  hid  in  a  cavern.  An  overt  act.  A  person 
idverse  to  my  views.    The  modem  clergy.    The  shepherd  stood  at  the  ik* 

4# 


12  THE  soun:   op  e  in  her. 

tern.  The  iceberg  melts.  Divers  merchants  went  diverse  ways^  A  bit:em 
haa  long  legs.  The  mercer's  shop.  The  hermit  had  a  lantern.  Crack  the 
filbert  The  pastern  of  a  horse.  A  halberd  is  a  kind  of  spear.  Pounds 
sterling.  They  rendered  a  verdict  of  guilty !  Th(;refore  let  xis  go.  Who 
ever  saw  a  mermaid  ? 

3.  Invert  the  glass.  A  superb  vase.  You  deserve  a  chiding.  Dispers* 
the  crowd.  I  prefer  to  preserve  this  flower.  You  cannot  coerce  me.  Sub- 
merge the  raft.  Our  roads  diverge.  Emerge  from  the  water.  Observe  that 
bird.     Reserve  your  fire. 

4.  A  pertinent  remark.  Rains  fertilize  the  ground.  C!ontrovert  what  he 
Bays  The  termagant  has  no  mercy.  A  serpentine  walk.  Perforate  the 
bladder.  The  sun  is  now  vertical.  You  enervate  yourself  by  inertness 
My  immersion  was  imperfect,  but  I  was  well  wet.  '  Interpret  this  riddle 
My  maternal  aunt.  The  interment  of  the  dead.  The  days  of  my  adversity 
Hear  the  sound  reverberate.     I  shall  animadvert  on  her  conduct 

6.  A  dearth  of  news.  I  heard  that  the  earl  lost  a  pearl.  Search  for  it  on 
the  earth.  I  yearn  to  go  home.  The  black  hearse.  I  was  early  fond  of 
learning.     Be  in  earnest.     Rehearse  your  part    A  man  of  research. 

6.  Birds  chirp.  A  birch  tree.  A  dirge  for  the  departed.  First,  throw 
away  the  dirk.  A  quirk  of  the  law.  The  skirt  is  too  long.  A  whirl  ot 
dust.  Do  not  stir,  sir.  The  flirt  smirks.  The  coal  will  smirch  thy  hand.- 
A  firkin  of  butter.  An  irksome  skirmish.  Hold  the  stirrup.  The  squirre. 
has  a  nut.  Thirty  virgins.  A  circular  to  the  trade.  From  the  zenith  tc 
the  nadir.     A  hirsute  chin. 

7.  Step  aside  from  the  worm.  A  scourge  for  the  liar  !  What  is  his  word 
worth  ?  What  can  be  worse  ?  A  tiresome  journey.  Our  soj«urn  in  the 
world.  A  worthy  workman.  Family  worship.  An  attorney  at  law.  Ad- 
journ the  case.  Cultivate  courtesy.  Make  a  courtesy.*  Let  us  keep  a 
journal. 

8.  The  cur  barks.  Myrrh  is  bitter.  The  churl  durst  not  hurt  me.  Churn 
the  cream.  The  nurse  has  gone  to  church.  The  surge  rises.  Sec  the  white 
aurf.  Surd  is  deaf.  The  bubble  burst  My  purse  is  empty.  Do  not  slur 
over  your  lesson. 

9.  Turn  aside  for  the  man  with  the  burden.  A  burly  burglar  broke  into 
rur  house.  I  can  go  no  further.  A  purser  in  the  navy.  The  curfew  toll*. 
?ull  up  the  burdock.  A  surname  is  a  family  name.  The  suburbs  of  thi 
city.  We  had  turnips  on  Thursday.  The  martyr  was  burnt.  A  murky 
«ky.  A  surcingle  for  the  horse.  The  myrtle  grows.  The  planet  Saturn 
We  fish  for  gurnet.  The  guerdon  of  all  my  toil.  The  Satyr  of  the  fable 
What  is  your  purpose  ? 

*  When  this  word  meani  an  aot  of  respeot  made  by  a  woman,  it  is  pronoanoM 
Imrt'ty,  in  two  syllabies. 


THE   SOUND    OF   I   IN   FIT.  43 

10.  I  3oncar  in  your  views.  I  demur  to  your  demand.  Unfurl  thi  saiL 
Disburse  the  money.  Read  the  liturgy.  Put  turpentine  on  the  sore.  I  am 
past  surgery.  The  turbulent  boys  disturb  me.  A  suburban  cottage.  Di 
nrnal  is  daily.  The  emperor  is  a  usurper.*  Reimburse  the  servant.  Thif 
shed  is  appurtenant  to  my  house. 

X.    The  Sound  of  short  I,  as  in  Fit. 

1.  Bill,  bil^e,  bridge,  brig,  brim,  bring,  chill 
chink,  chintz,  cliff,  crib,  crimp,  cringe,  crisp,  didst, 
disk,  ditch,  fifth,  filch,  film,  filth,  fist,  fix,  flitch 
fringe,  frisk,  give,  glimpse,  hitch,  inch,  kick,  lisp, 
live,  mid^e,  midst,  milch,  mill,  mince,  minx,  miss, 
mix,  niche,  pinch,  pitch,  pith,  plinth,  prince. 

2.  Quick,  quill,  quilt,  quince,  rick,  rinse,  sick, 
sill,  since,  skiff,  skill,  skim,  slim,  sprin^/e,  squib, 
squint,  stick,  stilt,  stitch,  strict,  strip,  swift,  swill, 
swim,  switch,  thick,  thill,  thrift,  thrill,  trick,  twinge, 
twist,  twit,  whiff,  whim,  whist,  whit,  wick,  width, 
wind,  wish,  wisp,  wi^/i,  withe,!  witch,  zinc. 

3.  Bigot,  bish'op,  blister,  civic,  crit'ic,  distaff, 
district,  frigid,  (/ip'sy,  impulse,  index,  influx, 
injure,  insect,  instinct,  kidnap,  limit,  limner, 
linchpin,  livelong,  mid'riff,  minim,  mirror,  mis' 
sive,  pigmy,  pilgrim,  pippin,  pistol,  pitch'er, 
pivot,  ringlet,  sand'wich,  scrivener,  sir'rah,  sirup, 
spig'ot,  spirit,  splinter,  thith'eY,  tim'ber.,  timid, 
tin'y  (or  ti'ny),^  vic'ar,  viclim,  vineyard,  vis'or, 
vivid,  witness. 

»  Not  "  an  usurper."  Where  initial  u  has  its  y  sound,  we  use  a,  as  before  a 
consonant,  and  not  an,  as  before  a  vowel. 

*■  Heed  the  difiFerence  between  aspirate  and  vocal  th  inwithAnd  vntht.  "Wlier* 
th  vocai  (as  in  thine^  occurs  in  this  volume,  it  is  italicized,  except  where  the 
•lassifioation  renders  this  unnecessary. 


44  THE    SOUND    OF   I   IN    PIT. 

4     A-brid^e',  ac  quit,  ad-mit,  af-flict,  con-sist 
con- since,    de-pic  t,    de-sist,    dis-miss,     dis-tinct 
e-clij>se,  el-lipse,  e-quip,  e-vince,  ex-ist,  ex  tinct, 
for-bid,  for-give,  im-pin^/e,  in-flict,  in-frin^e,  in  sist, 
me-thinks,  o-mit,  pre-dict,  pro-lix,  re-scind,  re -sist, 
re-strict,  sub-mit,  wi^^-in. 

5.  Chas'tise-ment,  dif'fi-cult,  div'i-dend,  im'- 
n^e-ry,  in'dus-try,  in'fi-nite,  in'tel-l^t,  in'ter-im, 
ir  ri-tate,  mil'li-ner,  min  is-ter,  mir  a-cle,  priv'i-le^e, 
rick'et-y,  taxn'a-rmd,  vir'u-lent,  vit'ri-ol.  —  Con-sid'- 
er,  de-liVer,  e-lix'ir,  em-pir'ic,  in-sip'id,  sa-tir'ic, 
sta-tis'tics,  sub-mis' si  ve.     Vi-o-lin . 

Words  in  which  ai  and  ia  Imve  the  sound  of  short  i. 

6.  Cap' tain,  cer  tain,  chap'lain,  cliieftain,  cur  tain, 
fountain,  mount' ain,  plant' ain,  vil'lain.  —  Car'ria^e, 
mar'ria^e.  —  Min'ia-ture,  par'lia-ment. 

Words  in  which  e,  ee,  ei,  ie,  aiid  o,  have  the  saund  of  short  i. 

7.  Been.  Sieve.  England,  pret'ty.  Breech'es. 
Forfeit,  mul'lein  (or  mul'len),  surfeit.  Kerchief, 
mar'ried,  mischief.     Wom'en.     Mis'chiev-ous. 

Words  in  tohich  oi,  u,  ui,  a7id  y,  7iace  the  soitnd  of  short  i. 

8.  Build,  guilt.    Crypt,  myth.    Biscuit,  circuit, 
con duit,  guinea.    Bus'y,  ferule,  let-tuce,  minute.* 
Tortoise.    Ca lyx, crystal, cyn'ic, ^ym'nast,  (/yp'sum 
hyssop,   lyr'ic,  mystic,  myth'ic,   styptic,  syl'van, 
Byn'od,  syntax,  syrin^/e,  sys'tem.     Gui-tar. 

9.  Am'e-thyst,  cyl'in-der,  hyp'o-crite,  inyri-ad. 

*  Bo  pronounced  u  a  noon.    As  an  adjective,  it  is  prone  unoed  ku-hmm  > 


THE   SOUND    OF   I   IN   FIT.  45 

mys'ter-y,  oxj-gen,  pyr'a-mid,  sylla-bub,  sylli-ble, 
syc'a-more,    sym'nie-try,    sym'pa-tliy,    syn  o-n^Tn, 
typ'i-cal,   tyr'an-ny.  —  Dys'en-ter-y.     Dys-pep'sy, 
^ym-nas'tic,  hys-ter'ic.    Po-lyg'a-my.    Pan-e-^rin 
Id-i-o-syn'cra-sy. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  Bilge  water  has  a  bad  smelL  The  bridge  -was  swept  away.  A  chinti 
Bover.  Crimp  my  ruff.  Cringe  to  no  one.  Didst  thou  fall  into  the  ditch  ! 
The  disk  of  the  sun.  A  film  ever  his  eye.  A  flitch  of  bacon.  A  glimpse  of 
Buushine.  A  milch  cow.  A  niche  for  the  vase.  The  plinth  of  a  pillar. 
Mince  pie.     In  the  midst  of  the  crowd. 

2.  Rinse  the  cup.  A  rick  of  hay.  The  skiff  skims  the  lake.  A  stitch  in 
time.  A  springe  is  a  snare.  The  thill  of  a  wagon.  A  whiff  of  smoke.  The 
wick  of  the  candle.  The  width  of  the  street.  A  wisp  of  straw.  I  felt  a 
twinge.  He  hit  him  with  a  withe.  He  is  not  a  whit  too  good.  Our  sink  ia 
lined  with  zinc.     The  witch  ran.     Which  witch  ?    There  is  no  such  thing. 

3.  Our  bishop  is  no  bigot.  The  district  school.  Do  not  injure  the  insect. 
The  linch-pin  broke.  A  ripe  pippin.  I  ate  a  sandwich.  The  scrivener 
writes.  Show  some  spirit,  sirrah  !  The  witness  wore  a  visor.  He  found 
the  victim  in  a  vineyard.  They  went  thither.  A  tiny  pitcher,  full  of  sirup. 
A  spigot  in  a  cask.  A  timid  vicar.  The  livelong  day.  The  limner  draws. 
The  index  turns  on  a  pivot. 

4.  Abridge  your  visit  Will  they  acquit  him  ?  Desist  from  strife.  For- 
get and  forgive.  The  moon's  eclipse.  The  form  of  an  ellipse.  To  impinge 
is  to  fall  against  Do  not  infringe  the  law.  I  predict  a  storm.  The  princ€ 
will  rescind  the  decree.     You  gave  me  cause  for  chagrin. 

5.  Chastisement  for  the  guilty.  I  commend  your  industry.  The  millineor 
waits.  In  the  interim  I  will  see  the  minister.  A  rickety  chair.  A  virulent 
poison.  The  imagery  of  the  poem  is  fine.  An  insipid  elixir.  He  is  an 
empiric,  but  no  quack.     Statistics  of  the  census.     Touch  the  violin. 

6.  7.  The  captain  and  the  chaplain  came  in  a  carriage  to  the  marriage 
Draw  the  curtain.  Sit  by  the  fountain.  The  villain  ran.  A  miniature 
likeness.  Parliament  sits  in  England.  A  mullein  leaf.  Pretty  women. 
A  mischievous  boy  in  breeches  A  sieve  for  the  meal.  You  shall  forfUt 
your  kerchief. 

8.  They  build  a  house.  A  crypt  is  a  sort  of  cave.  A  myth  is  a  fable. 
The  caiyx  of  a  flower.  Be  busy.  A  conduit  for  water.  Put  down  the  ferule. 
A  head  of  lettuce.  Syringe  the  plants.  Wait  a  minute.  Tune  the  guitar. 
Itortoise  shell  I  gave  the  poor  man  a  guinea.  A  bunch  of  hyssop.  A 
Vrio  poem. 


46  THE   SOUND   OF   I   IN   FINE. 

9.  An  amethyst  cup.  A  stcve-pipe  is  in  the  fortn  of  a  cylinder.  W« 
faihale  oxygen.  A  sycamore  tree.  The  pyramids  of  Egypt.  Tell  me  what 
you  mean  by  a  syllable.  Never  play  the  hypocrite.  A  synonym  is  a  word 
having  the  same  meaning  as  another  word.  An  attack  of  dysentery.  Sho 
has  the  dyspepsy.  She  must  try  gymnastic  exercise.  On  me  when  dunces 
are  satiric,  I  take  it  for  a  panegyric.  Polygamy  was  common  in  Utah.  An 
idiosyncrasy  or  peculiarity,  of  her  constitution. 

XI.    The  Sound  of  I  in  Pine, 

1.  Bide,  \)h.the,  chide,  chime,  chine,  dire,  fife, 
^be,  gripe,  hire,  hive,  kine,  mire,  prime,  prize, 
rice,  rind,  rise,  rive,  scribe,  shire,  shrive,  sire,  size, 
smite,  snipe,  spice,  spike,  spile,  spine,  splice, 
squire,  stride,  strike,  strife,  stripe,  thine,  thrice, 
thrive,  ti^Ae,  tire,  tribe,  tripe,  trite,  while,  whilst, 
whine,  wind,  wire,  wise. 

In  the  words  of  the  following  paragraph  gh  is  unsounded. 

2.  Blight,  bright,  fight,  flight,  fright,  high, 
light,  might,  nigh,  night,  plight,  right,  sigh,  thigh, 
tight,  wight.  —  Af- fright',  a-light,  de-light. 

3.  Biped,  bi' valve,  briny,  ci'der,  climax,  con- 
trite, di'et,  di'ver,  dri'ver,  exile,  fe'line,  fi'at, 
fi'nite,  gentile,  grind'stone,  hind'most,  ire'ful,  like 
wise,  lilac,  mi'ser,  pli'ant,  ri'ot,  ri'val,  sat'ire, 
siren,  spi'cy,  spi'nal,  spi'ral,  sti'pend,  vi'and*, 
vi'nous,  vi'tal,  whilom,  wood'bine. 

4.  A-bide',  ac-quire,  ad-mire,  ad-vise,  as-cribe 
as-pire,  as-size,  at-tire,  bap-tize,  be-tide,  ca-nino 
com-bine,  con-cise,  con-spire,  con-trive,  de-cide 
de-file,  de-fine,  de-prive,  de-ride,  de-rive,  de 
scribe,  de-spite,  en-tice,  es  quire,  ex-pire,  ig-nite. 
im  bibe,  in-cite,  in-cline,  in-spire,  o-bli^e,  o-pine, 


THL   BOUND    OF  I   IN   FINE.  47 

ptjr-spire     pre-cise,    pre-mi^e,    pre -side,    re-cline, 
re-fine,    re-quite,    re-vile,    re-vive,    sa-line,    sub 
scribe,  sub-lime,  sub-side,  suf-fice  (pronounced  siif- 
fize),  su-pine,  sur-prise,  sur-vive,  trans-pire. 

5.  Al'i-bi,  al'ka-li,  di'a-gram,  di'a-lect,  di'a- 
mond,  di'a-ry,  di'o-cese,  i'ron-y,  mi'cro-scope,  sci'o 
list,  si'ne-cure,  vi'a-duct,  vi'o-let.  —  Ac'o-nite,  an'- 
thra-cite,  croc'o-dile,  er'u-dite,  ex'pe-dite,  lioin'i- 
cide,  ma'tri-cide,  pan'to-mime,  par'a-dise,  para- 
site, par'ri-cide,  rec'on-cile,  rec'on-dite,  sac'ri-fice 
(pronounced  sacri-fize),  sat'el-lite,  tur  pen-tine  — 
El-e-^i'ac.     Sta-lac'tite. 

6.  Ag'gran-dize,  author-ize,  canon-ize,  civ'il 
ize,  col'o-nize,  crys'tal-lize,   dog'ma-tize,   dram'a- 
tize,  e'qual-ize,  gal'van-ize,  gor'man-dize,  bar  mo 
nize,  le'gal-ize,  mag'net-ize,  mor al-ize,  organ-ize, 
pat'ron-izc,  pul'ver-ize,  re' al-ize,  rec'og-nize,  sat'ir 
ize,    scan'dal-ize,    scru'ti-nize,   sig'nal-ize,   sol'em- 
nize,  stigma-tize,  sym'bol-ize,  sub'si-dize,  tan'ta 
lize,  tem'po-rize,  the'o-rize,  tran'quil-ize.      E-lec' 
trize. 

7.  Ad'ver-tise,  com^jro-mise,  crit'i-cise,  enter 
prise,    cx'er-cise,    mer'chan-dise.  —  A -nat'o-mizt , 
a-pol'o-^ize,  e-con  o-mize,  e-pit'o-mize,  im-mor  tal 
ize,  i-tal'i-cize,  mo-nop'o-lize,  so-liro-quize. 

8.  Ad-mir'er,  af-fi'ance,  al-li'ance,  ar-ri'val, 
as-pir'ant,  com-pi'ler,  com-pli'ance,  ccn-ni'vancCj 
de-fi'ance,  de-fi'ner,  de-ni'al,  en-vi'ron,  ho-ri'zonj 
in-qui'ry,  re-ci'tal,  re-li'ance,  re-pri'sal,  re-qui'tal, 
re-vival,    sub-si'dence,     sur-vi'val.  —  Co-in-cide- 


48  THE   SOUND    OF   I  IN   FINE 

-u-per-fine,    su-per-vi^e.  —  E-bri' e-ty,    sa-ti'e-ty, 
BO-ci'e-ty,  va-ri'e-ty. 

Words  in  which  ei  and  ie  h/nse  the  sourtd  of  i  in  fine. 

9.  Cries,  die,  drie^,  fie,  hie,  pie,  pied,  plies 
pries,  tie,  tries,  vie.  —  Hei^/it  (or  hi^^t),  slei^At 
—  Ei'der,  mag'pie.        ^ 

Words  m  which  ui,  uy,  y,  ye,  and  eye,  have  the  sowid  of  i  in  fine 

10.  Cry,  fly,  pyre,  scy/Ae,  shy,  sky,  sly,  spry, 
sty,  style,  tj^pe.  —  Dyer,  cycle,  cypress,  hy son, 
tyrant.  —  Al-ly  ,  a-2tJry,  re-ly.  —  Guide,  guile, 
guise.  —  Eye.     Rye.     Buy  er.     Dis-guise'. 

11.  An'a-lyze,  an  o-dyne,  hy'a-cinth,  hy'dro-^en, 
par'a-lyze,  pro'to-type,  pros'e-lyte.     Ster'e-o-type. 

The  final  y  of  numerous  verbs  has  the  sound  of  long  i  ;  as  cm'- 
ci-fy,  mul'ti-ply,  oc'cu-py,  rar'e-fy,  rat'i-fy,  rec'ti-fy,  &c.  Sec 
page  139. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  A  gibe  is  a  tdunt.  The  snipe  flew.  A  trite  saying.  The  rind  of  & 
melon.  The  squire  is  the  chief  man  of  the  shire.  You  rive  my  heart.  Let 
me  splice  it.  A  tithe  is  a  tenth.  WhiLt  the  sun  shines  the  birds  are  blithe. 
Might  does  not  make  right  The  wight  vas  in  a  sad  plight  A  blight  is  on 
the  rose.  Sigh  not  They  took  to  flight  in  affright  Drive  a  spile  into  the  cask 

8.  A  biped  has  two  feet  A  bivalve  has  two  valves.  A  feline  tread.  A 
contrite  spirit.  Such  is  the  fiat  of  the  king.  Turn  the  grindstone  (also 
pronounced  grind' stone).  The  Jew  and  the  Gentile.  A  lilac  bush.  A 
spiral  wire.  A  spinal  complaint  Byron  wrote  a  satire.  Taste  the  viands 
The  cider  has  a  vinous  flavor. 

4.  He  will  baptize  the  child.  The  coal  will  not  ignite.  Describe  the 
icene.  To  opine  is  to  think.  Canine  madness.  Saline  springs.  You  will 
survive  your  surprise.  Let  that  sufl&ce.  I  do  not  oblige  you  to  subscribe. 
He  lay  supine.  Let  her  lie  down,  she  will  revive.  Let  her  lie  there  a  whilo. 
How  long  did  she  lie  there?  She  lay  there  an  hour.  A  pillow  wa&  laid 
ander  her  head 


THE  SOUND   OF  0  IN  GO.  49 

6.  Alibi  13  elsewhere.  To  prove  an  alibi,  is  to  prove  that  you  -were  no 
in  a  certain  place.  Draw  a  diagram.  Lock  through  the  microscope.  A 
finnecure  is  an  office  without  care.  Aconite  is  poison.  0  I  the  sweet  Spring 
violets  !  Anthracite  coal.  Alas  !  the  parricide  !  A  pantomime  is  mute 
mimicry.  Put  turpentine  on  the  sore.  A  heavy  sacrifice.  An  elegiao 
poem.     Stalactites  hung  from  the  cavern. 

G.  To  dogmatize  is  to  assert  confidently.  Do  not  gormandize.  Tranquil- 
izt)  your  fears.  Scrutinize  his  conduct.  Harmonize  our  plans.  Pulverize 
th.3  stone.  Moralize  on  life.  I  cannot  realize  that  you  arc  married.  The 
drops  will  crystallize.  lie  tries  to  aggrandize  his  family.  I  did  not  rccog 
nize  him.  Let  death  solemnize  our  thoughts.  You  tantalize  me.  Will  you 
authorize  me  to  try  it?     They  will  canonize  the  saint. 

7.  Advertise  your  loss.  Compromise  the  matter.  Criticise  my  style.  A 
bold  enterprise.  A  room  full  of  merchandise.  —  You  must  apologize.  Hear 
Hamlet  soliloquize.  Italicize  the  word.  Do  not  lEoiopolizc  the  food.  She 
means  to  be  electrized. 

8.  The  subsidence  of  the  waters.  Thi  arrival  of  the  cars.  An  aspirant 
to  oflSce.  One  of  your  admirers.  H«  seeks  an  alliance.  What  shall  be  his 
requital  ?  Good  society.  A  variety  of  things.  Do  you  coincide  with  me? 
Environ  him  with  friends.     The  environs  of  the  city.     Below  the  horizon. 

9.  10.  The  height  of  the  ti-ee.  Sleight  of  hand.  The  eider  duck.  He 
plies  his  trade.  I  was  tlio  buyer  of  that  scythe.  A  funeral  pyre.  A  cypress 
tree.  Go  to  the  dyer  for  my  dress.  A  blind  guide.  He  is  free  from  guile. 
My  right  eye.     He  wore  a  disguise.     The  ally  of  France. 

11.  Hyson  tea.  Hydrogen  gas.  An  anodyne  soothes  pain.  Analyze  the 
powder.  Do  not  look  awry.  A  prototype  or  model.  They  go  to  occupy 
the  land.  He  will  ratify  the  bargain,  jlij,  meaning  yes^  rhymes  nearly 
with  my  ;  but  aye,  meaning  always,  rhymes  with  day. 

XII.    The  Sound  of  long  O,  as  in  Go. 

1.  Bolt,  bono,  borne,  both,  choke,  cho^e,  clo^Ae, 
Clothes,  clove,  code,  coke,  core,  cove,  clolt,  dome, 
dose,  doze,  droll,  drone,  force,  ford,  for^/e,  fort, 
forth,  globe,  gore,  gross,  joke,  jolt,  /moll,  loth,  mole, 
most,  node. 

2.  Porch,  port,  pose,  probe,  prone,  prose,  quote, 
quoth,  scope,  score,  scroll,  shorn,  sloth,  snore,  spoke, 
stole,  stone,  stroll,  sword  (also  pronounced  sord), 
throne,  torn,  troll,  i^hole,  yoke,  yolk,  zone. 

5 


60  THE   SOUND   OF   0   m   OOl 

3.  Arcove,  bol'ster,  bo'rax,  bro'ker,  c5m'post, 
cro'ny,  dolcTul,  do'tard,  dro  ver,  fore'man,  foremost, 
fro' ward,*  glo'ry,  gro'cer,  hol'stcr,  home'ly,  lo'cal, 
impost,  jo'ker,  lo'cust,  mopish,  molt'en,  no'mad, 
only,  o'nyx,  o'pal,  o'ral,  o'val,  o'vert,  port'ly, 
post'script,  proTile,  programme,  ro'ver,  smo'ker, 
Bolc'ly,  stony,  tho'rax,  to'paz,  to' ward,*  trum'bone, 
tro'ver,  vo'cal,  vo'ter,  wo'ful. 

4.  A-dore',  a-lone,  a-rose,  a-tone,  be-fore, 
be-liold,  ca-jole,  cum-port,  con-dole,  con-sole, 
con-trol,  con-voke,  de-note,  de-plore^  de-vote, 
dis-close,  di-vorce,  e-lope,  en-gross,  ex-plore, 
ex-port,  ex-po5e,  fore-bode,  fore-go,  ig-nore,  in-voke, 
jo-cose,  mo-rose,  pa-role,  pa-trol,  por-tray,  post- 
pone, pro-mote,  pro-po5e,  pro-voke,  re-pose, 
sup-port,  sup-po5e,  un-roll,  ver-bose,  wi^/i-hold. 

5.  An'ec-dote,  an'te-lope,  an'ti-dote,  co'pi-ous, 
cor'ri-dor,  droll'er-y,  ep'i-sode,  hel'le-bore,  hof- 
o-scope,  mis'an-thrope,  o'ri-ole,  por'ti-co,  sto'i-cal, 
tel'e-scope,  vo'ta-ry,  zo'di-ac. 

6.  A-dor'cr,  ab-do'men,  con-do'lence,  cor-ro'sive, 
de-co'rous,  en-rol'ment,  he-ro'ic,  more-o'ver,  Oc-to'- 
bcr,  op-po'nent,  pro-por'tion,  pro-po'^al.  AiP-mo'- 
oi  ac,  de-mo'ni-ac.     Lo-co-mo'tive. 

Words  in  lohich  oa  has  the  sound  ofo  in  go. 

7.  Bloat,  boast,  boat,  broach,  cloak,"  coach,  coal. 

•  In  tho  adjectives  to'ward  tind/ro'xeard,  the  i*  is  soandod;  but  when  foip'ard  or 
towards  is  a  preposition,  tho  tr  is  not  sounded,  and  the  ow  may  bo  regarded  as  3 
digraph  having  tho  sound  of  long  o,  and  then  tho  word  should  be  dirided  tbuf, 
km/ctd  or  tou/ardt,  rhyming  nearly  with  board  or  board*. 


THE   SOUND   OP   O   IN   00.  51 

ooast,  coot,  coax,  croak,  float,  foal,  foam,  goad, 
goal,  goat,  groan,  hoar,  hoard,  hoarse,  hoax,  load, 
loaf,  loam,  loaMe,  moan,  oaf,  oak,  oar,  oath,  oats, 
poach,  roach,  road,  roam,  shoal,  soak,  soap,  throat, 
toad,  toast,  woad. 

8.  Boat'swain  (familiarly  pronounced  bosn), 
co'coa,  hoary,  load'star,  load'stone,  rail'road, uproar. 
—  A-float',  ap-proach,  be-moan,  en-croacb  re- 
proach, un-load. 

Words  in  which  co,  oc,  oo,  and  ou,  Jiave  the  sound  of  o  in  go. 

9.  Bourn,  course,  court,  four,  gourd,  mould  (or 
mold),  moult,  mourn,  pour,  soul,  source.  Doe,  foe, 
hoe,  roe,  throe,  toe,  woe.     Door,  floor.     Al'oe^. 

10.  Co;z'course,  coul'ter  (or  col' tor),  foe'man, 
mould'er,  mouldy,  poul'tice,  poul'try,  shoul'der, 
smoul'der,  yco'man.  —  Dis-course',  re-course,  re- 
source. —  In'ter-course. 

Words  in  w?iich  cw,  oo,  a7id  ow,  have  the  sonind  of  o  in  go. 

11.  Blow,  blown,  bowl,  crow,  flow,  flown,  glow 
grown,  growth,  low,  mow,  own,  row,  shaw,  slow 
snow,    sown,    stow,    throw,    trow.      Sew,    strew 
Brooch.     Bowl'der,    bow'sprit,    el'bow,    minnow^ 
low'er,  own er,  rainbow,  win'now. 

The  ow  in  the  final  syllabic  of  the  foil  jwing  words  should  have  the 
distinct  sound  of  long  o  in  go.  They  are  here  grouped  together 
because  of  their  liability  to  perversion. 

12.  Arrow,  bel'low,  bil'low,  borrow,  burrow, 
callow,  faflow;   fellow,   follow,   fur'row,   hallow, 


52  THE   SOUND    OF   0   IN   GO. 

harrow,  horiow,  marrow,  mcl'low,  morrow, narrow, 
pillow,  sal'low,  shad'ow,  shallow,  sor'row,  spar' row, 
tai'low,  Avhil  low,  wid'ow,  willow,  yellow.* 

In  dough  and  though^  owjh  has  the  sound  of  long  o.     In  hecat^ 
t<  reau^  and  other  words  from  the  French,  eau  has  the  sound. 

Words  ending  with  o  lo7ig. 
For  tbo  mode  of  forming  the  plural  of  these  words,  see  page  144. 

13.  Bra'vo,  canto,  cargo,  cen'to,  dit'to,  fres'co, 
grot'to,  gua'no,  gusto,  halo,  he'ro,  junto,  las'so, 
lim'bo,  li;z'go,  maw'go,  mot'to,  negro,  presto,  quarto, 
sa'go,  sal'vo,  solo,  stuc'co,  ty'ro,  ve'to,  ze'ro. 

14.  Buf'fa-lo,  call-co,  cam'e-o,    doml-no,  em' 
bry-o,  in'di-go,  nun'ci-o,  oli-o,  stu  di-o,  ver'ti-go. 

15.  Al-le'gro,  bra-va'do,  em-bar  go,  far-ra'go, 
ila-min'go,  lum-ba'go,  mar- telle,  me-ri'no  (pro- 
nounced me-reno),  mo-roc'co,  mu-lat'to,  oc-ta'vo, 
pal-met'to,  pi-men' to,  pIum-ba'go,po-ta'to,  pro-vi'^'o, 
re-liev'o,  si-roc'co,  sti-let'to,  to-bac'co,  to-ma'to, 
tor-na'do,  tci*pe'do,  vi-ra'go,  vol-ca'no. 

16.  Bas-ti-na'do,  cu-ri-o'so,  des-pe-rado,  in-nu 
en'do,  ■  man-i-fes'to,  mus-co-va'do,  pec-ca-dillo, 
?ir-tu-o'so.  - —  Cur-culi-o,  in-cog'ni-to,  punc-tili-o. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1  ?*,  Force  the  bolt.  A  bone  for  the  dog.  A  torn  flag  was  borne  to  the 
(brt.  The  yolk  of  an  egg.  A  shorn  lamb.  Unroll  the  scroll.  The  dolt 
trolls  a  song.  I  am  loth  to  use  thesw^rd.  The  whole  knoll  is  sold.  H€ 
quotes  prose.  He  can  pose  them  both,  /orge  the  steel.  Put  on  thy  clothea 
No  more  sloth.     The  joke  was  gross,  not  droll. 

*  To  this  list  some  authorities  add  bellows  and  gallowx;  but  the  cw  in  theM 
voris  generally  has  an  easy  sound  of  short  u,  and  the  final  *  has  the  sound  of  x. 
The  plural  oigaUovu  b  gallowaes;  but  bellows  is  both  e.  singular  aud  plural  noaa 


THE   SOUND  OF   0   IN   GO.  53 

3.  I  sat  in  an  alcove.  A  bolster  for  the  bed.  Compost  for  the  plants 
A  homely  profile.  Molten  gold.  The  dotard  is  froward.  An  overt  act 
Our  grocer  plavs  on  the  trombone.  An  onyx  ring.  A  fine  opal.  Read  tte 
programme.     Only  a  locust.     Oral  advice.     Add  a  postscript 

i.  Postpone  your  jocose  remarks.  Control  your  morose  temper.  You 
sannot  cajole  me.  Condole  with  the  sad.  Support  the  weak.  To  ignore  a 
thing  is  to  declare  ignorance  of  it.  A  verbose  report.  The  patrol  were  out 
all  night.  The  prisoner  ia  out  on  parole.  Do  not  engross  all  the  room 
Portray  the  scene. 

5,  6.  From  the  portico  I  went  to  the  corridor.  My  bane  and  antidcta 
A  misanthrope  is  a  man-hater.  He  told  an  anecdote.  It  was  an  episode  in 
his  speech.  The  antelope  ran.  The  oriole  flew.  A  decorous  proposal.  A 
vi.Jit  of  condolence.  A  heroic  opponent  The  locomotive  is  oflf  the  track 
Gum  ammoniac. 

7,  8.  Give  to  oa  the  full  sound  of  long  o  in  roam,  boat,  cloak,  coat,  goat, 
road,  toad,  and  throat.  Broach  the  subject.  The  boys  co'^st  down  hill 
Soak  the  oats.  Woad  is  a  plant.  Shoal  water.  The  goal  of  my  hopes. 
Poach  the  egg.  A  boatswain  hoary  with  age.  Taste  of  the  cocoa.  An 
uproar  on  the  railroad.    The  boat  ia  afloat     Do  not  encroach  on  my  land. 

9,  10.  A  bourn  is  a  bound.  The  gourd  grows.  A  mould  fcr  a  bullet 
Birds  moult  their  feathers.  A  throe  of  pain.  War  brings  woe.  The  door 
fell  on  the  floor.  Aloes  are  bitter.  A  concourse  of  people.  Poultry  is  dear. 
The  yeoman  shot  the  focman.  A  poultice  for  his  shoulder.  Our  intercourse 
iras  brief.    The  colter  or  fore-iron  of  a  plow. 

11.  A  slow  growth,  I  trow.  Mow  the  grass.  Row  the  boat  Strew 
flowers.  Sew  the  shirt.  A  brooch  of  gold.  A  bowlder  is  a  round  mass  of 
Btone.  A  ship  haS  a  bowsprit  Lo  !  the  rainbow  !  Winnow  the  corn.  The 
minnow  swims. 

12.  The  arrow  fell  wide  of  the  mark.  The  shadow  of  the  willow.  A 
shallow  furrow.  Tell  the  fellow  to  follow.  A  widow  sallow  with  sorrow. 
The  field  lies  fallow.  A  callow  bird.  Hallow  the  day.  Harrow  the  land. 
Al  narrow  plank.  A  pillow  for  the  head.  A  whitlow  on  her  finger.  Six 
pairs  of  bellows.     The  gallows  stands.     The  gallowses  will  be  thrown  down. 

13.  14.  The  beau  struts.  Put  the  dough  in  the  oven.  My  bureau  drawer. 
A  quarto  volume.  Do.  stands  for  ditto.  A  cargo  of  guano  (pronounced 
^K-ahyio).  A  halo  round  the  moon.  The  bravo  escaped.  The  President's 
veto.  She  sang  a  solo.  lie  paints  in  fresco.  He  caught  a  horse  with  a 
lasso.  Calico  gowns.  Cameo  pins.  Blue  as  indigo.  Enter  my  studio. 
She  was  seized  with  a  vertigo. 

15,  1 '5.  What  a  firrago  !  Keep  this  as  a  memento.  Merino  sheep.  A 
morocco  box.  An  embargo  on  commerce.  A  ripe  tomato.  A  tornado  swept 
over  the  town.  She  is  a  virago.  Give  the  desperado  the  bastinado.  Hear 
ihe  rebel's  manifesto.    The  curcuUo  has  hurt  our  trees.    Muscovado  sugay 

5* 


54  THE   SOUND    OF   0   IN    NOT. 

Xm.    The  Sound  of  O  m  Not. 

1.  Block,  blotch,  bronze,  chops,  clock,  copse, 
crock,  dod^e,  doll,  dross,  flock,  floss,  font,  fosse, 
frock,  froth,  gloss,  grog,  grot,  lock,  lod^e,  loft,  loll, 
loss,  moss,  moth,  notch,  odd,  plod,  plot,  pomp,  prong, 
romp,  scoff,  scot,  shock,  shot,  soft,  solve,  spot,  stock, 
strong,  thong,  throb,  throng,  tong5,  trod,  troth. 

2.  Bonfire,  bonnet,  hoth'cT,  clos'et,  cob'blcr, 
cob'web,  coffee,  col'ic,  college,  com'bat  (also  pro- 
nounced cum  bat),  com  cty  com'ic,  com'pend,  com'plex, 
com'rade,  congress,  conflict,  con'ic,  conscript, 
consul,  contract,  copy,  florid,  for'a^e,  forehead 
(pronounced /orVec?),  forest,  frol'ic,  gospel,  gossip, 
hol'ly,  hopper,  hovel,  jocund,  lob'ster,  loz'en^e, 
mod'est,  monad,  monster,  moral,  object,  onward, 
ostrich,  pathos,  pock'ct,  pol'ish,  pon'tifl*,  po/A'er, 
prod'uct,  progress,  prop'er,  prospect,  province, 
rob'ber,  solace,  sofder,  sonnet,  sor'rel,  tonic,  tropic, 
vol'ley,  vom'it,  yonder. 

3.  Ab-scond',  ab-solve,  ac-cost,  a-cross,  a-dopt, 
al-lot,  a-loft,  a-non,  be-long,  be-troth,  be-yond, 
de-coct,  de-spond,  de-volve,  em-boss,  en-sconce, 
e-volve,  ex-tol,  for-got,  pro-long,  in-volve,  re-spond, 
re-sponse,  re-volve,  re-volt. 

4.  Al'ba-tross,  al'co-hol,  al'i-quot,  am'a-zon, 
ap'ri-cot,  bod'i-ly,  col'lo-quy,  col'o-ny,  com'a-tose, 
com'mo-dure,  cor'o-ner,  doc'tri-nal,  dof  o-rous,  c'qui- 
UDX,  front'is-piece,  hol'i-day,  holly-hock,  lot'ter-y, 
maa'to-don,   mono-tone,    nom'i-nal,   non'de-scripf, 


THE   SOUND   OF   0   IN   NOT*  55 

ob'e-lisk,  par'a-sol,  pente-cost,  pori-cy,  poly  glot 
pro  to-col,  prov'en-der. 

Words  in  which  a  has  tJie  sound  of  o  i?!  not. 

5.  Chaps,  quash,  squab,  squad,  squash,  squat, 
swab,  swamp,  swan,  swap,  swath,  wad,  wan,  wand, 
was,  wast,  wash,  wasp,  watch,  what,  yacht  (pro- 
nounced yot), 

6.  Quad'rant,  quad'rate,  quarrel,  quat'rain, 
quarry,  scallop,  squab'ble,  squad'ron,  squalid, 
squander,  swallow,  waffle, wallet,  wallop,  wallow, 
wal'rus,  wanton,  wan der,  warrant,  wassail. 

7.  Hail-but,  quad'ran-gle,  quad'ra-ture,  quad'- 
ru-ped,  quad'ru-ple,  quall-ty,  quan'da-ry,  quan  ti-ty. 

In  knowrcdge,  ow  has  the  souTid  of  o  i?i  not. 

DICTATION  AND   WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1.  A  bronze  lamp.  Floss  silk.  A  fosse  or  ditch.  A  copse  or  wood  of 
email  trees.  Mutton  chops  for  dinner.  A  pair  of  tongs.  A  strong  thong. 
They  throng  to  the  spot.  The  dross  of  metals.  A  lodge  in  the  wood.  A 
moth  in  the  candle.     Notch  the  shingle.     She  is  no  romp.     Scoff  not. 

2.  They  bother  the  cobbler.  Grind  the  coffee.  A  cobweb  in  the  closet. 
A  sorrel  horse.  There  is  crock  on  her  forehead.  In  my  progress  I  came  in 
contact  with  a  robber.  Congress  sits.  Solder  the  pan.  A  proper  object 
My  comrade  wrote  a  sonnet.  A  doubtful  combat.  He  put  the  lobster  in 
his  pocket.     A  frolic  in  the  hovel  yonder. 

3.  He  hoped  to  abscond.  Accost  him.  Anon,  I  will.  Emboss  the  shield. 
I  forgot  to  extol  his  conduct.  To  whom  will  they  betroth  her  ?  Gc  across 
the  street.  I  revolt  at  the  thought.  Revolve  it  in  your  mind.  Your  labor 
devolves  on  me. 

4.  He  shot  an  albatross.  A  ripe  apricot.  A  comatose  state.  The  day 
of  Pentecost.  A  green  parasol.  A  dolorous  ditty.  Commodore  Hull.  A 
hollyhock  in  bloom.  A  nondescript  flower.  The  bones  of  a  mastodon.  The 
frontispiece  to  a  book.     He  spoke  in  a  monotone.     An  aliquot  fart. 

6.  Watch  the  yacht.  A  swan  in  the  swamp.  The  chaps  t>f  a  beast.  They 
seem  chapfallen.  A  swath  in  the  grass.  A  big  squash.  Thou  wast  pxeaont 
if  thou  wert  not»  say  so.    Beware  of  the  wasp. 


53         THE  SOUND  OF  00  IN  BOOK. 

6,  7.  The  squadron  sailed.  A  warrant  for  your  arrest  Do  not  "vrallofit 
in  the  dirt.  Wanton  mischief.  A  swallow's  nest.  A  squalid  aspect.  Th* 
wassail  cup.  Fresh  halibut.  Knowle<lge  may  be  had  at  college.  Quad* 
ruple  the  amount.  The  quadrature  of  the  circle.  How  many  feet  has  • 
quadruped? 

'         XrV.    The  Sound  of  GO  in  Book. 

1.  Book,  brook,  cook,  crook,  foot,  good,  hood, 
nook,  look,  shook,  stood,  took,  wood,  wool. — 
Woolen,  woolly. 

In  thcfolloiomgy  u,  o,  and  oul,  have  the  smaut. 

2.  Bull,  bush,  full,  pull,  push,  puss,  put.  Wolf, 
could,  should,  would.  Am'bush,  bul'let,  bull'ion, 
bull'ock,  bul'ly,  buVriish,  bulwark,  bush'el,  butch'er, 
cuck'oo,  cush'eon,  pud'ding,  pull'et,  pulley,  pul'pit, 
woin'an.  —  Bull'e-tin. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  By  hook  or  by  crook.  He  stood  by  the  brook  and  shook  a  stick  at 
me.  Woolen  (also  spelt  woollen)  cloth.  A  woolly  sheep.  You  could  not 
if  you  would,  and  should  not  if  you  could.     Drive  away  the  wolf. 

2.  The  bully  lay  in  ambush  to  attack  the  butcher.  Hark  to  the  cuckoo ! 
A  woman  in  the  pulpit.  Bullion  is  gold  or  silver  before  it  is  made  into 
money.  A  bird  on  the  bulrush.  Put  a  cushion  under  my  head.  The 
emperor  issued  a  bulletin.     A  bushel  of  meal.     A  pullet's  egg. 

XV.    Tho  Sound  of  GO  in  Cool. 

1.  Bloom,  boom,  boon,  boor,  boot,  boo///,  brood, 
broom,  choose,  coo,  cool,  coop,  coct,  doom,  droop,- 
food,  fool,  gloom  goose,  groom,  groove,  hoof,  hoot, 
loom,  loon,  loop,  loose,  mood,  moon,  moor,  moose, 
moot,  noon,  noo.^o,  ooze,  pool,  poor,  proof,  rood, 
roof,  rook,  room,  roost,  root,  scoop,,  shout,  sloop, 
soon,  soot,  sooth,  soo//ie,   smooth,    spool,   spoon, 


THE  SOUND  OF  00  IN  COOL.         67 

Stool,  stoop,  swoon,  swoop,  too,  tool,  tootli,  troop, 
woo,  woof. 

2.  Boo'by,  boorish,  booty,  cooper,  gloom'y, 
moody.  —  A-loof ,  bab-oon,  bal-loon,  bam-boo, 
bas-soon,  be-hoof,  be-hoove,  buf-foon,  ca-boose, 
car-toon,  co-coon,  dra-goon,  fes-toon,  har-poon, 
lam-poon,  mon-soon,  pla-toon,  pol-troon,  pon-toon, 
rac-coon,  re-proof,  sa-loon,  shal-loon,  ta-boo,  un- 
moor. —  Kan-ga-roo',  mac-a-roon,  pan-ta-loon» 
pic-a-roon. 

Words  in  which  u  has  the  souTid  of  oo  i7i  cool. 
The  sound  of  long  u  after  I  in  the  same  syllable  is  represented 
Dy  Smart  thus,  'oo ;  a  mark  intended  to  indicate  a  slight  modifi- 
cation of  the  sound,  in  producing  which  the  lips  are  contracted  as 
if  for  whistling.  Owing  to  the  trilled  quality  of  the  liquids  I  and 
r,  long  u  after  them  in  the  same  syllable  does  not  take  its  full 
diphthongal  y  sound  (as  in  cube),  but  more  nearly  that  of  long  oo, 
with  the  modification,  in  the  case  of  l,  to  which  we  have  alluded. 

3.  Brute,  cruse,  prude,  prune,  rude,  rule, 
spruce,  truce,  truth.  Fluke,  flume,  flute,  plume. 
Bru'in,  brutal,  cru'el,  cru'et,  dru id,  frugal,  pru- 
dent, pru'dish,  ru'by,  ru'ler,  ru'mor,  rural,  ruth'- 
less,  scru'ple,  truant.  Bluish,  fluent,  fluid, 
lucid,  lurid,  lunar,  plural.  Ab-struse',  bru-nette, 
cru-sade,  in-trude,  pe-ruke,  pe-ruse.  In-clude', 
ea-lute,  se-clude. 

4:  Cru  ci-ble,  cru'ci-fix,  in  stru-ment,  pru'der-y, 
pruri-ent,  ru'bi-cund,  ru'di-ment,  ru'in-ous,  ru'mi- 
nate,  scru'pu-l)us,  scru'ti-ny,  tru'cti-lent.  Flu'en- 
cy,  glu'ti-nous,  in'flu-ence,  lu'di-crous,  luuii-nouSt 
lu'na-tic. 


58  THE   SOUND   OP   00   IN   COOL. 

Wordji  in  which  o,  oc,  ou,  have  the  scnaid  of  oo  in  cocl. 

The  10  in  two,  loho,  tchose,  &c.,  is  unsounJccl,  as  is  the  yh  in 
fhrcugh.  The  on  in  route  and  wmind  is  by  some  authorities 
pronounce/*,  -^s  in  saiaid.  The  i  in  roit-tim'  has  the  sound  of  < 
in  me 

5.  Do,  lo5C,  move,  prove,  two,  who,  wlio^e.  — 
Croup,  group,  route,  through,  tour,  Avound,  you, 
youth.  Shoe.  Bo'^ora,  lo^'cr.  A-do',  ap-prove, 
im-provo,  rc-movc,  re-prove.  Con-tour',  sur-tout, 
un  couth,     llou-tiuc.     Ca-noe. 

Words  in  which  ew,  cu,  ieu,  ue,  and  ui,  Jiavcthis  souna, 

6.  Brew,  crew,  drew,  shrew,  shrewd.  Clew, 
flew.  Brew'er,  clew'line.  Brew'er-y.  Pleu'ri-sy, 
rAeu'ma-ti^m.  Lieu.  Bkie,  gkie,  flue,  rue,  true. 
Construe.  Ac-crue'.  Bruise,  bruit,  cruise,  fruit, 
sluice.     Re-cruit'. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITINa  EXERCISES. 

1.  Ileav  the  wind  boom.  I  have  a  boon  to  ask.  The  boor  sat  in  a  booth. 
Choose  a  broom.  Shoot  a  coot  A  groove  for  the  wheel.  Throw  a  noose 
over  the  moose.  We  will  moot  that  question.  A  rood  is  the  fourth  part  of 
an  acre.     A  bag  of  soot.     In  sooth  I  couM  not  soothe  her.     Hens  roost. 

2.  The  booby  ran  off  with  the  booty.  I  stood  aloof  while  the  balloon 
rosKJ.  The  buHbou  wrote  a  lampoon.  The  poltroon  shot  a  raccoon.  A 
platoon  of  troops.  Unmoor  the  skiff.  A  cook  in  a  caboose.  It  bchoovea 
you  to  heed  my  reproof.     Mend  the  pantaUwns.     A  picaroon   or  pirate. 

3.  Crude  food.  Water  rushes  down  the  ftume.  The  fluke  of  an  anchor 
A  spruce  prude.  A  truce  to  your  jests  ••  A  bluish  tint.  "We  call  the  bear 
Bruin,  from  a  French  word  meaning  frown.  A  prudent  ruler.  A  fluent 
truant.  A  ruby  is  red.  He  has  no  scruples.  An  abstruse  subject.  She 
is  a  bninette.     Snlutc  her.     He  wore  a  peruke.     The  days  of  the  crus.adcfl. 

4.  Melt  it  in  the  crucible.  A  rubicund  check.  The  gift  of  fluency. 
Teach  her  (he  rudimc::ts.  The  lunatic  sjxng.  A  luminous  cloud.  I  like 
not  Lis  scrutiny.     A  truculent  style.     A  ruinous  fire.     A  man  of  influence. 

6.  I^  not  lose  your  shoe.  What  route  shall  we  choose?  Prove  aU 
Oiings.    Do  not  wound  the  youth.     Ue  had  the  croup  two  days.    The  wift 


THE  SOUND  OF  SHORT  U  AS  IN  TUB.      59 

of  his  bosoai.  Much  ado.  The  contour  of  her  face.  An  uncouth  3urtout. 
On  my  tour  I  was  wet  through  in  a  canoe.  The  routine  of  business.  Im- 
prove thyseJf.     A  cruse  of  oil. 

G.  A  shrewd  shrew.  No  clew  to  his  fate.  In  lieu  of  a  brewery,  you 
Bhall  build  a  school-house.  Is  she  ill  with  the  pleurisy,  or  the  rheuma- 
tism? Bruise  the  fruit.  A  long  cruise.  Con'strue  that  line.  Recruit 
your  stiength.     Good  must  accrue  from  it. 

XVI,    The  Sound  of  short  U  as  in  Tub. 

1.  Bluff,  blunt,  hndge,  buff,  bulb,  hulge,  bulk, 
bump,  bunch,  club,  crush,  drud^/o,  drug,  duct, 
dunce,  gnuke,  gull,  hulk,  jud^e,  jump,  lull,  lung5,- 
mulct,  mumpo,  null,  pluck,  plug,  plump,  plun//e, 
pulp,  pulse,  punch,  scrub,  scud,  shrub,  skulk,  snuff, 
snug,  struck,  strut,  stuff,  stump,  sud5,  swum, 
swung,  thrum,  trunk,  tuft. 

2.  Blunder,  buck'et,  buggy,  bitmp'er,  crupper, 
cud^'el,  cum'ber,  cuv'ry,  dul'cet,  dumpling,  flurry, 
fluster,  ful'some,  gump'tion,  gunwale,  gut'ter, 
hub'bub,  huck'ster,  lumber,  lunch'eon,  mus'ket, 
plunder,  punch'eon,  public,  put'ty,  rus tic,  scutch 
eon,  stuVborn*,  study,  sully,  sunl'mon^,  sump ter, 
sunder,  sundry,  sun drie5,  turret,  ush'er,  ut'most, 
under,  Avood' chuck. 

3.  Ab-rupt',  ad-just,  a-dult,  an-nul,  con-struct, 
con- suit,  con-vulse,  cor-rupt,  de-duct,  de-funct, 
dis-cuss,  dis-gust,  di-vul^/e,  en-gulf,  ex-pun^/c, 
ex-ult,  in-dul^e,  in-struct,  ob-struct,  oc-cult,  re- 
buff, re-but,  re-fund,  re-pulse,  re-5ult,  ro-bust, 
ro-tund,  suc-cumb. 

4  Blun'der-buss,  cat'a-pult,  dif  fi-cult,  oc'ci-put, 
*i>o-tund,   murti-form,  mul'ti-plex  — Au-tum'nal, 


60      THE  SOUND  OF  SHORT  V  AS  IN  TCB. 

con-current,   e-rup'tion,  fore-runner,  im-pul'sive, 
oc-cur'rcnce,  pro-duc'tive.  —  In-ter-rupt'. 

Wards  in  which  o  has  tJie  scund  ofu  in  tub. 

In  OTIC,  oTice,  the  sound  of  w  precede*  the  o.  In  tongue^  iLi  \s 
mute. 

5.  Come,  done,  dost,  doth  dove,  front,  glcvo. 
love,  monk,  montli,  none,  once,  on<3,  shove,  spon^i* 
son,  tongue,  won,  wont. 

6.  Bom'bast,  bro^A'er,  col' or.  comely,  com'fit 
com'fort,  com' fort,  com'ing,  com'pass,  covert,  cov'et 
doz'en,  govern,  hon'ey,  Monday,  money,  mon'gre) 
mori'key,  moth'er,  noth'ing,  on'ion,  oth'er,  plov'er 
pom'mel,  shovel,  sloven,  smoth'er,  thorough,  ton' 
na^/e,  wonder,  worry. 

7.  A-bove',*  af- front,  a-mong,  a-mongst,  be 
come,  be-love,  con-front,  un-done.  —  Cofan-de? 
com  fort-er,  com'pa-ny,  con'jur-er,  con'sta-ble,  cov 
e-nant,  cover-let,  covet-ous,  some'bod-y,  som'e? 
set,  won'der-ful.  —  Dis-col'or,  dis-com'fit,  en-com 
pass,  re-cov'er.  —  Dis-cov'er-y,  ef-front'cr-y. 

Words  in  which  oe,  oo,  and  ou,  liave  the  sound  of  u  in  tub. 
Where  gh  occurs,  in  the  following  words,  it  has  the  sound  of  • 

8.  Dce5.  Blood,  flood.  Joust,  touch,  young 
Chough  rough,  slough, f  tough.  Country,  coup'k, 
couplet,  courage,  cous'm,  doub'let,  flourish,  nour- 
ish, sou/A'ern,  troub'le.     Doubloon'.     Ernough'. 

*  Initial  a,  in  this  and  similar  words,  has  a  quick,  easy  loond  of  short  a, 
M  in /a/,  Ac, 

t  Bo  pronounood  when  it  means  the  cast  skin  of  o  serj^nt.  When  it  meanf  • 
i«tp,  miryplact,  it  should  be  pronounoed  to  rhyme  with  bougk,  nnw,  ho. 


IHB   SOUND   OF   U   IN   MUTE.  61 

DICTATION  AND  WRITiNG  EXERCISES. 

1.  A  bluff,  blunt,  plump  judge.  He  will  not  budge.  Courage  he  calls 
pluck.  Ill  with  the  mumps.  Tliieves  skulk.  Soap  suds.  Mulct  him  in 
a  fine.  Plunge  in.  What  lungs  !  A  duct  for  water.  A  fresh  bulb.  lie 
had  not  swum  far  when  he  sank. 

2.  Pass  the  buckets.  The  usher  made  a  blunder.  Fulsome  praise.  Let 
our  bumpers  be  of  cold  water.  A  crupper  for  the  horse.  Du'cet  strains 
A  sumjfter  mule.  My  grocer  charges  me  with  sundries.  The  gunwale  of 
a  boat  A  puncheon  of  rum.  Tap  it  in  the  gutter.  Come  to  luncheon. 
Hear  my  summons.  A  stubborn  mule.  A  woodchuck  in  a  hole.  A  cadgej 
for  the  bad. 

3.  4.  An  abrupt  manner.  Expunge  that  line  Divulge  thy  secret.  A 
robust  youth.  An  adult,  or  grown-up  person.  To  succumb  is  to  yield 
Rotund  is  round.  Occult  is  hidden.  Do  not  interrupt  me.  The  occiput, 
or  hinder  part  of  the  head.  A  difficult  task.  The  autumnal  season.  An 
impulsive  temper.     An  odd  occurrence.     Rebut  his  charge. 

6,  6.  A  front  seat.  A  kid  glove.  Hold  thy  tongue.  Once  a  month.  A 
wet  sponge.  None  will  come.  Dost  thou  know  it?  Mere  bombast,  my 
brother !  An  uncomely  sloven.  The  points  of  the  compass.  A  boiled 
onion.  The  pommel  of  the  saddle.  A  dozen  plovers.  Govern  thy  temper. 
She  docs  nothing  on  Monday.  Covet  not.  Birds  flew  to  their  coverts.  A 
mongrel  goose.     A  thorough  flogging.     Shovel  the  snow. 

7,  8.  A  wonderful  somerset.  A  coverlet  for  a  bed.  The  constable  ar- 
rested the  conjurer.  Confront  your  foe.  Perils  encompass,  but  do  not  dis- 
comfit him.  What  effrontery  !  A  colander  for  the  jelly.  Go  amongst 
friends.  The  hen  was  tough  enough.  A  cousin  in  the  country.  Floods  ot 
Dlcod.  Two  lines  that  rhyme  are  a  couplet.  The  rough  slough  of  a  snake 
My  doublet  cost  a  doubloon.  The  young  chough  flew.  Long  may  yoi 
flourish  !     Food  will  nourish  her. 

XVII.    The  Sound  of  U  in  Mute. 

This  is  the  sound  generally  known  as  long  u.    It  has  the  dipb 
thongal  y  sound  before  it,  as  in  the  alphabet,  and  is  sometimeo 
marked  thus :  u.     Do  not  confound  this  sound  with  long  oo.    Sec 
lioraarks,  page  57,  on  the  change  which  long  u  undergoes  when 
it  conies  after  the  trilled  liquids  r  and  /,  in  the  same  syllable. 

1.    Cube,  cure,  duke,  dupe,,  fume,  fu5e,  hu^e, 
mute,  pule,  pure,  tube,  tune,  use.  —  Cubit,  ducal, 
durance,   duty,  hu'mid,  music,  student,  stupid, 
6 


62  THE   SOUND    OF   U  IN   MUTE. 

stu'poi,  su'ctj  tu'lip,  tu'miil,  tu'miilt,  tu'nic,  unit, 
—  Cos'tumc,  dci'u^/e,  fortune,  i^lob'ule,  granule, 
leg'ume,  prerudo,  pus'tulo,  refuse,  statute, 
tribune,  tribute,  volume. 

2.-  A-cute',  a.s-sume,  as-sure,  as-tute,  com-pute, 
3on-sume,    de-duce,    de-mure,    de  nude,    c-duce, 
ex-ude,  in-ure,  ma-nure,  ma-ture,  ob-scure,  ob-tuse, 
pre-5ume,    pro-fuse,    re-buke,     re-duce,    re-futc, ; 
:e-5ume,  se-cure,  suf-fuse,  tra-duce,  trans-mute. 

Where  i  occurs  in  the  second  syllable  of  the  following  words 
|ive  it  an  easy  sound  of  short  i  in  Jill. 

3.  Am'u-let,  ap'er-ture,  cent'u-ry,  cal'u-met, 
;u'cunubcr,  cu'ti-cle,  du'ra-blc,  ep'i-cure,  feb'ri- 
h^e,  fu'^i-tive,  fur'ni-ture,  lig'a-ture,  man'u-script, 
ain'iflf-ture,  min'u-et,  mol'e-cule,  nu'tri-ment,  ret'- 

cule,p'id'i-cule,  riv'u-let,  sig'na-ture,  sep'ul-ture, 
\  ib'ter-fur/e,  su'i-cide,  u'ni-son,  u'5u-ry,  ver'mi-fuf/e, 
V  )s'ti-bule,  vol'u-ble.  —  Im-por-tune',  in-tro-duce, 
li  in-u-mit,  op-por-tune,  pre-ma-ture.  —  An-nu'i-ty. } 

The  following  words,  if  verbs,  have  the  a  of  the  last  syllabic 
IcL^,  as  in  fate  :  if  adjectives  or  nouns,  the  a  has  a  shorter  and 
efiS.sr  sound.  To  those  that  are  adjectives  an  asterisk  is  hero 
alta  .hcd  ;  to  those  that  may  be  adjectives  or  verbs,  o  iaggcr.  The 
rest  .»rc  verbs. 

4.  Ac'cu-rate,*  act'u-ate,  am'pu-tate,  calculate, 
conju-gate,  cd'u-cate,  em'u-late,  fluc'tu-ate,  for'tu- 
nate,*  grad'u-ate,  grat'u-late,  in'du-rate,t  in'su-late, 
m(»d'i,  late,  ob'du-rate,* rcg'u-late,  sat'u-ratc,  spec- 
u-lato   stini'u-late,  sup'pu-rate. 

5.  i.c-cu'mu-late,  ar-tic'u-late,  t   at-ten'u-ate,1 


THE   SOXJND    OP   U   IN   MUTE  G3 

ja-pii'u-late,  co-ag'u-late,  con-grat'u-late,  dis-sira- 
a-late,  ex-ten'u-ate,  iin-mac'u-late,*  in-siii'u-ate, 
im-purtu-nate,*  in-oc'u-late,  per-ain'bu-late,  re- 
pudi-ate. 

Sec  remarks  on  unaccented  terminations  in  ar,  page  73. 

6.  Aunu-lar,  cir'cu-lar,  consu-lar,  glob'u-lar, 
granu-lar,  in'su-lar,  joc'u-lar,  pop'u-lar,  reg'u-lar, 

V^s^'u-lar,  si«'gu-lar,  tab'u-lar,  tit'u-lar,  tu'bu-lar. — 
0-rac'u-lar,  par-tic'u-lar,  re-tic'u-lar,  ve-liic'u-lar- 
ver-nac  u-lar,  ve-sic'u-lar.  —  Per-pcn-dic'u-lar. 

7.  An'nu-al,  ca/u-al,  man'u-al,  mu'tu-al,  nai'- 
u-ralVnu'mer-al,  oc'cu-pant,  pet'u-lant,  punc'tu-al, 
rit'u-al,  sens'u-al,  virt'u-al.  —  Ef-fect'u-al,  e-venf- 
u-al,  ha-bit'u-al,  per-pet'u-al.  —  In-di-vid'u-al. 

The  e  in  the  last  syllable  of  the  following  has  the  sound  of  short 
t  (as  in  vien),  enounced  easily,  and  without  stress. 

8.  Ar  gu-ment,  cor'pu-lent,  diru-ent,  doc'u-ment,  Z^ 
fec'u-lent,     flat'u-lent,     fraud'u-lent,     im'pu-dent- 
mon'u-ment,  op'u-lent,   tur'bu-lent,   sue  cu-lent.  — 
E-moru-ment,  in-teg'u-ment. 

"Where  i  occurs  in  the  last  syllable  but  one  of  the  following,  it 
aa3  the  sound  of  short  i,  as  in  pin. 

9.'  Al'ti-tude,  am'pli-tude,  apt'i-tude,  at'ti-tude,^ 
Ibr'ti-tude,  grafi-tudq,  hab'i-tude,  las'si-tude,  lat'- 
\-tude,  lon*//i-tude,  mag'ni-tude,  mul'ti-tudc,  plon- 
\-tude,  prom/yfi-tude,  qui'e-tude,  rec'ti-tude.  serv' 
i. tude,  soli- tilde. 

10     Be-at'i-tude,   com-mu'iii-ty,   de-crep'i-tude^^ 


64  THE   SOUND   OP   U  IN  MUTE. 

dis-qme-tiide,    im-mu'ni-ty,    im-pu'ni-ty,    in-fin' 
i-tude,    si-iniri-tude,  vi-cis'si-tude.  —  Con's ti-tute> 
ex'e-cute,  in'sti-tute,  sub'sti-tute.  —  Dis-trib'ute.  — 
Con-sti-tu'tion,  in-sti-tu'tion.  —  Di-min'u-tive,  re- 
trib'u-tivc. 

In  the  last  syllabic  of  the  following,  gu  has  the  sound  of  chort 
u  (as  in  kj),  without  the  stress  of  accent. 

11.  Ardu-ous,  du'bi-ous,  ein'u-lous,  fab'u-lous, 
fu'ri-ous,  neb'u-lous,  pop'u-lous,  post'hu-mous, 
rapt'ur-ous,  scrof'u-lous,  sed'u-lous,  sin'u-ous,  spu'- 
ri-ous,  stu'di-ous,  sumpt'u-ous,  tremu-loua,  tu'ber- 
ous,  vent'ur-ous,  wt'u-ous.  t^v^>-\ 

12.  Am-big'u-ous,  as-sid'u-ous,  bi-tu'mi-nous, 
cir-cu'i-tous,  con-spic'u-ous,  con-tempt'u-oiis,  con- 
tig'u-ous,  con-tiiiu-ous,  de-cid'u-ous,  for-tu'i-tous, 
gra-tu'i-tous,  im-pet'u-ous,  in-z/enu-ous,  lux-u- 
ri-ous,  mi-rac'u-lous,  per-spic'u-ous,  pro-mis' cu-ous, 
ri-dic'u-lous,  tem-pest'u-ous,  tu-mult'u-ous,  vo- 
lup'tu-ous. 

Words  tn  which  uc  has  tJie  y  sound  of  u  in  cube,  mute,  &c. 

13.  Cue,  due,  hue,  siie.  —  A'gue,  ai'gue,  issue, 
rescue,  stat'ue,  tissue,  Tues'day,  val'ue,  virt'ue.  — 
Eu-sue',  im-bue,  in-due,  sub-due.  —  Av'e-^ue, 
bar'be-cue,  res'i-due,  ret'i-nue,  rev'e-nue.  —  Con- 
tinue. 

Words  in  which  eu,  3au,  ow,  and  iew,  have  this  sounjt 

14.  Chew,  dew,  ewe,  few,  hew,  Jew,  /cnew,  mew 
mewl, new, newt,  pew,  stew,  view. —  Ew'er,  mildew. 


THE   SOUND    OP   U   IN   MUTE.  65 

pew'tci    sinew,  skew'er,  stcw'ard.  —  Be-dew  ,  es- 
chew re-new,  re-view. — Re-new' al. —  Deuce,  feud 
—  Feudal,  neuter,  neutral. —  Eu'lo-^y  —  Ma-neu 
ver,  neu-ral'^ic,  teu-ton'ic.  —  Eu-ro-pe  an.  —  Dea 
fcer-on'o-my.  —  Beauty.     Beau'ti-ful. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 


y  backgaujtjue*^ 


1.  A  cube  has  six  equal  sides.  The  die  with  which  we  play 
is  a  cabe.  The  plural  of  die  is  dice.  A  dupe  of  a  duke.  A  tube  is  hollow. 
Play  a  tune.  Do  thy  duty.  A  humid  soil.  The  students  make  a  tumult. 
Put  them  in  durance.  A  tumid  style.  Statute  law.  .  The  tribune  of  the 
people.     Hark  to  the  prelude  !     The  length  of  a  cubit.    \.. 

2.  An  astute  reasoner.  A  demure  manner.  jMay  I  presume  to  rebuke 
her?  Blushes  sufluse  his  cheek.  To  denude  is  to  strip.  Traduce  him  not. 
Compute  the  amount.  An  acute  lawyer.  Educe  good  from  evil.  Haul  in 
the  manure.  The  tree  exudes  gum.  An  obtuse  understanding.  A  profuse 
oweat 

3.  Wear  this  amulet.  An  aperture  or  opening.  A  ripe  cucumber.  A 
century  hence.  An  Indian  calumet.  A  manuscript  is  writing  done  by  the 
band.  The  cuticle  or  outermost  skin.  Mucilage  is  slimy.  A  furniture 
warehouse.  Disdain  a  subterfuge.  She  lost  her  reticule.  Act  in  unison. 
The  vestibule  or  entrance.     To  manumit  is  to  free.     A  premature  growth. 

•A.n  opportune  visit.      An  annuity,  or   yearly  payment.     Importune  her 
act.     Introduce  me.     A  voluble  lady. 

4.  5.  An  accurate  account.  Conjugate  the  verb.  Amputate  the  arm. 
Fortunate  man  !  You  stimulate  my  hopes.  An  obdurate  l.'cart.  Enmlate 
his  worth.  He  insulates  himself.  An  immaculate  reputation.  Nothing 
extenuate.  Never  dissimulate.  An  importunate  beggar.  She  perambu- 
lates the  streets.  Inoculate  the  child.  The  foe  will  capitulate.  Repudiate 
ill  envy. 

C.  A  popular  speaker.  An  annxilar  form  is  that  of  a  ring.  Tabular 
•efers  to  a  table  ;  circular,  to  a  circle  ;  granular,  to  a  grain  ;  insular,  to  au 
island  ;  titular,  to  a  title  ;  jocular,  to  mirth  ;  tubular,  to  a  tube  ;  globular, 
lo  a  globe  ;  consular,  to  a  consul ;  secular,  to  the  world  or  age  ;  vehicular, 
lo  a  vehicle  ;  oracular,  to  an  oracle ;  reticular,  to  a  net ;  vesicular,  to  a 
vesicle.  Our  vernacular  tongue.  A  particular  person.  A  perpendiculaJ 
urall. 

7,  8.  A  punctual  scholar.  A  virtual  contract.  A  casual  gain.  The 
ritual  of  the  church.  An  eventual  loss.  An  impudent  argument  He  grows 
corpulent.  Succulent  is  juicy.  A  fraudulent  document.  Large  emolU" 
ments.    i\si  integument  or  covering.     Feculent  odors. 

6* 


66  THE   SOUND    OF    01   IN    VOICE. 

9,  10.  Tic  latitude  and  longitude  of  our  town.  An  aptitude  for  study 
Extreme  lassitude.  He  struck  an  attitude.  Adhere  to  rectitude.  The 
disquietude  of  the  community.  The  Beatitudes.  Shall  he  harm  us  with 
impunity?  Has  he  an  immunity  from  blame?  The  vicissitudes  of  life 
Betributive  justice.  The  constitution  of  the  country.  The  altitude  of  the 
bill. 

11,  12.  A  sinuous  stream.  A  venturous  hunter.  An  impetuous  youth. 
My  brother  is  not  only  an  ingenious  workman,  but  he  has  an  ingenuous  or 
frank  disposition.  A  circuitous  route.  Deciduous  trees.  Spurious  coin. 
Posthumous  fame.  Perspicuous  statements.  Gratuitous  insults.  Aesiau- 
ous  in  study.  Ambiguous  remarks.  Contiguous  is  near.  Sedulous 
efforts. 

13, 14.  He  wore  a  cue.  They  will  argue  the  case  on  Tuesday.  Wtdt 
the  issue.  Subdue  your  rage.  Continue  to  love  virtue.  A  long  retinua 
An  ample  revenue.  Beautiful  statues.  Pewter  mugs.  A  review  of  troops. 
A  European  war.  Let  us  be  neutral.  An  eloquent  eulogy.  Feudal  times 
The  renewal  of  the  feud.     A  skewer  for  the  cook.    Stoop  not  to  maneuver 

XVin.    The  Sound  of  OI  in  Voice. 

Avoid  the  bad  habit  of  making  this  sound  degenerate  into  that 
of  long  i  ;  as  if  hin  were  Zwic,  roil^  rile^  &c. 

1.  Coif,  coil,  doit,  foil,  foist,  groin,  hoist,  joint, 
joist,  loin,  moil,  noi^e,  oil,  point,  poi^e,  quoit,  roD, 
soil,  spoil,  void. 

2.  Broid'er,  cloister,  coinaz/e,  doi'ly,  foi'ble, 
hoi'den,  joiner,  invoice,  loi'ter,  mois^^n,  noi'some, 
noi^'y,  oily,  ointment,  parboil,  point'er,  poison, 
sirloin,  spoil'er,  toil'et,  turmoil. 

3.  Ad-join ,  a-droit,  a-noint,  ap-point,  a-void, 
de-spoil,  de-void,  em-broil,  en-join,  ex-ploit,  pur- 
loin, Kre-coil,  re-joice,  sub-join.  —  Buis'ter-ous, 
I'qui-poise,  moi'e-ty.  —  Em-broid'er,  re-join  dor. — 
Va'ri-o-loid. 

Woras  in  which  oy  has  the  sound  of  oi  in  voice. 

4.  Boy,  buoy  (pronounced  bwoi/),  coy,  cloy,  hoy 


THE   SOUND    OP   OU   IN   HOUSE.  67 

joy,  toy,  troy.  —  Boyish,  convoy,  en voy,  joy ful, 
loyal,  oyster,  royal,  viceroy,  voy'agc.  —  Al-loy7 
an-noy,  de-coy,  de-stroy,  en-joy,  em-ploy.  —  Cor 
du-roy. 

DICTATION  AND  WKITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  A  can  of  oil.  A  game  of  quoits.  Do  not  roil  the  wine.  A  tendeJ 
loin  of  beef.  A  coil  of  ropes.  A  coif,  or  sort  of  cap.  Not  worth  a  doit 
Hoist  the  joist.     Foil  his  tricks.     Hurt  in  the  groin. 

2.  Noisome  ointments.  A  sirloin  of  beef.  Loiter  not.  Parboil  the  meat. 
"Wipe  your  hands  wi:h  a  doily.  She  can  broider.  An  invoice  of  goods. 
Shut  up  in  a  cloister.     She  plays  the  hoiden. 

3.  An  adroit  exploit.  Recoil  from  a  lie.  Boisterous  mirth.  A  moiety 
is  a  half.  Pen  a  rejoinder.  The  scales  are  in  equipoise.  Anoint  the  skin. 
Enjoin  peace. 

4.  The  boy  swam  to  the  buoy.  Sweets  cloy.  A  hoy  is  a  sort  of  boat 
We  had  a  fleet  as  a  convoy  on  our  voyage.  A  viceroy  is  in  place  of  a  king, 
A  corduroy  road.    A  djsh  of  oysters.     Gold  without  alloy. 

XIX.    ^e  Sound  of  OT7  in  House. 
In  droughty  dmghtyy  &c.,  the  gJi  is  unsounded. 

1.  Bounce,  bound,  bout,  cloud,  douse,  drou^/^t, 
drouth,  flounce,  flour,  flout,  foul,  found,  founj;, 
gou^/e,-  gout,  ground,  grouse,  hound,  lounge,  loul^ 
mount,  mouse,  mouth,  noun,  ounce,  oust,  pouch, 
pounce,  pout,  scour,  sscoiit,  shout,  shroud,  slouch, 
snout,  sound,  sour,  souse,  south,  spouse,  spout, 
sprout,  stout,  thou,  trout,  vouch. 

2.  Bounty,  cloud'y,  count'er,  county,  dis'count, 
dou^A'ty,  flounder,  found'er,  found'ling,  frou'zy, 
gouty,  outlaw,  outlay,  sour'crout,  thousand. 

3.  A-bound',  a-bout,  ac-count,  a-mount,  an- 
nounce, a-rouse,  as  tound,  ca-rouse,  de-nounce, 
de-vour,  de-vout,  dis-mount,  e-nounce,  es-pouse, 


68  .     THE   SOUND   OF   OU   IN   HOUSE. 

ex-pound,   pro-founcl,   pro-nouncc,    re-dound,    r6 
nouRCC,  rC'50uiid,  sur-rotind,  vouch-safe. 

4.  Bouud'a-iy,  coun'te-nance,  coun'ter-pano^ 
found'er-y,  mount'e-bank,  par  a-mount.  —  A-cou3'- 
Uc,  en-coun'ter,  es-pou'sab,  rcn-coun  te'r. 

Words  in  which  ow  has  the  sound  of  ou  in  house. 

5.  Bow,  brow,  brown,  browse,  clown,  cowl, 
drown,  drowse,  fowl,  fro\vn,  gown,  growl,  howl, 
mow,  now,  owl,  plow  (also  spelt  plough)^  prow, 
pr^wl,  row,  scow,  scowl,  sow,  town,  vow. 

G.  Bow' els,  bow'er,  chow'der,  cow'ard,  cow'er, 
cow' slip,  dow'er,  dow'las,  dow'ry,  drowsy,  flow'er, 
fowrer,  low'er,  pow'der,  pow'er,  prow'ess,  row'el, 
show'er,  tow'el,  tow'er,  townsman,  trow'el,  trow'- 
sers  (also  spelt  trousers),  vow'el. 
!  7.  Al-low',  a-vow,  en-dow,  re-nown.  —  Dowu- 
^rer.  —  Al-low'ance,  a-vow'al,  cn-dow'ment,  cm- 
power. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  Scour  tlie  pan.  The  hound  found  a  grouse.  Why  does  the  lout 
lounge?  They  will  oust  him  from  his  place.  A  time  of  drought,  ^ma 
persons  say  drouth.  Souse  the  meat.  Scouts  are  out.  A  spouse  is  a  hiis- 
band  or  wife.  Seeds  sprout.  Our  cat  has  a  mouse  in  her  mouth. 
•  2.  The  banks  will  not  discount  my  note.  Is  it  for  a  thousand  dollars  ? 
Ihc  amount  is  about  ten.  A  dish  of  sourcrout.  Tl  e  outlaw  fled.  A  dou^h. 
ly  foe.  A  frouzy  head  of  hair.  A  gouty  foot  I  caught  a  flounder.  A 
large  outlay. 

3.  A  profound  student  Expound  the  law.  Arouse  the  sleepers.  A 
devout  woman.  Enounce  the  word.  It  will  redound  to  her  credit  Vouch- 
safe your  attention.  She  will  espouse  Mr.  B.  The  troops  dismount  They 
will  carouse.     I  renounce  their  company 

4,5.  A  counterpane  for  the  bed.  An  encounter  with  a  mountebank, 
JChe  boundary  line-    Health  is  of  paramount  importance.    A  type  foundery. 


A    m   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES.  6^ 

an  acoustic  tube.  Plow  the  ground.  To  mow  is  to  make  mouths  an  ap» 
is  said  to  mow.  A  row  is  a  riotous  noise.  A  mud  scow.  Cows  browse. 
The  wolf  prowls. 

6,  7.   A  fish  chowd2r.     Our  townsman  is  no  coward.     A  trowel  for  mor. 
tar.     A  pj^ir  of  dowlas  trowsers.     A  powder-horn.     A  pain  in  the  bowels. 
The  wife's  dowi-y.     A  rowel  is  the  point  of  a  spur.     The  clouds  lower.    1 
dmire  his  prowess.     A  coarse  towel. 


0B8CUBE   AND    UNACCENTED   VOWEL    SOUNDS. 

I.     A  in  Unaccented  Syllables. 

A  Filial, 

The  sound  of  unaccented  final  a,  in  the  following  words,  has  an 
easy  and  undecided  sound  of  a  in  father. 

1.  Bo'a,  chi'na,  com'ma,  clel'ta,  dog'ma,  draina<j 
era,  extra,  gala,  hydra,  la'va,  larva,  manna, 
mi'ca,  pi'ca,  quo'ta,  senna,  so'da,  soTa,  stanza, 
stigma,  ul'tra,  vil'la,  vis'ta,  ze'bra. 

2.  Al'^/e-bra,  a're-a,  cu'po-la,  form'u-la,  gondo- 
la, ma'ni-a,  op'e-ra,  ret'i-na,  scrof'u-la,  stam'i-na, 
taf'fe-ta. 

3.  A-re'na,  a-ro'ma,  au-ro'ra,  ba-na'na,  ba-ril'Ia, 
ce-dil'la,  co-rol'la,  di-lem'ma,  di-plo'ma,  er-ra'ta, 
e-nig'ma,  fa-ri'na,  flo-til'la,  hy-e'na,  i-de'a,  i-o'ta, 
man-til'la,  mi-a^'ma,  o-me'ga,  pa-go'da,  pi-az'za, 
ro-tunda,  re-gat'ta,  sa-vanna,  sa-li'va,  sub-poe'na 
(or  sub-pe'na),  ti-a'ra,  um-brel'la,  va-nil'la,  ve- 
randa, ver-be'na. 

4.  Am-mo*ni-a,    ef-flu'vi-a,  in-sig'ni-a,  ma-Ia* 
ri-a,  mag-no'li-a,  pe-nin'su-la,  re-ga'li-a,  ta-ran'tQ 
la,  —  An-a-con'da,  can-de-la'bra,  in-flu-en'za,  pan 


70  A   IN   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 

a-cea,  pan-o-ra'ma,   tap-i-o'ca  — Sar-sa-pa-iillar 
—  En-cy-clo-pc'(li-a  (also  spelt  encyclopaedia). 
Words  cmling  in  able  unaccented. 
The  a  in  alle^  in  this  clas?  of  words,  has  an  obscure  and  easy 
sound  of  a  in  far ^  or,  as  some  think,  of  a  in  fat.     The  final  e  is 
unsounded. 

5.  Af'fa-ble,  ca'pa-ble,  cul'pa-ble,  dii'ra-ble, 
cqua-ble,  furd'a-ble,  li'a-ble,  mu'ta-ble,  pal'pa-ble, 
par'a-ble,  pass'a-ble,  pec'ca-ble,  port'a-ble,  pota- 
ble, prob'a-ble,  taxVble,  teacli'a-ble,  ten'a-blo, 
tract'a-ble.  —  A-me'na-ble,  de-mon'stra-ble,  im- 
pla'ca-ble,  in-ef'fa-ble,  in-flam'ma-ble,  re-mark'a- 
ble. 

6.  A'mi-a-ble,  am'i-ca-ble,  ap'pli-ca-ble,  cred'i- 
ta-ble,  des'pi-ca-ble,  exe-cra-ble,  for'mi-da-ble, 
mal'le-a-ble,  mem'o-ra-ble,  nav'i-ga-ble,  pen  e-tra- 
ble,  pon'der-a-ble,  ref'ra-ga-ble,  tol'er-a-ble,  va'ri- 
a-ble,  vener-a-ble,  ver'i-ta-ble,  warrant- a-ble. 

7.  A-bonii-na-ble,  im-per'mc-a-blc,  in-ev'i-ta- 
ble,  in-ex'o-ra-ble,  in-ex'pli-ca-ble,  in-ex'tri-ca-ble, 
in-im'i-ta-ble,  in-sep'a-ra-ble,  in-ter'mi-na-ble,  in- 
vqil'ner- a-ble,  ir-rep'a-ra-ble.  In-con-sora-ble,  in- 
con-test'a-ble,  in-de-scri'ba-ble,  in-dis-pen'sa-ble, 
in-ex-pug'na-ble,  in-sup-port'a-ble.  In-de-fat'i- 
ga  ble. 

Wards  ending  in  age  and  ango  wiaccented. 
The  g  in  the  last  syllable  of  the  following  words  has  the  sound 
of  7  ;  but  it  is  not  here  italicized,  as  when  having  this  sound  elso 
where  in  this  volume.  The  a,  in  the  last  syllable  of  these  worda, 
has  an  obscure  sound,  in  some  instances  resembling  the  sound  of 
short  t,  afi  inj^n. 


A  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.         71 

8.  Adage,  bag'gage,  band' age,  bond'age,  cab- 
bage, carnage,  coinage,  cordage,  cot'tage,  crib'- 
bage,  courage,  dam'age,  do'tage,  forage,  garbage, 
hom'age,  hostage,  im'age,  manage,  mcs'sage, 
mint'age,  nonage,  orange,  pack'age,  passage, 
peerage,  pillage,  plumage,  port'age,  post'age, 
pres'age,  rav'age,  rummage,  salvage,  sav'age, 
spin'age,  steerage,  storage,  suffrage,  til'lage,  vil' 
lage,  vintage,  visage,  um'brage,  usage. 

9.  Av'er-age,  bev'er-age,  car'ti-lage,  fo'li-age, 
hem'or-r/iage,  lier'i-tago,  line-age,  par'en-tage, 
pat'ron-age,  pas'tu-rage,  person-age,  pil'grim-age, 
pu'pil-age,  tu tel-age,  vassal-age.  —  Ad-van'tage, 
en-cour'age. 

Words  ending  in  al,  aid,  and  al5  unaccented. 

The  sound  of  the  unaccented  a,  in  this  and  the  five  succeeding 
gioups,  is  that  of  short  a  (as  in  hat)  obscured  and  enounced  easily 
and  without  stress. 

10.  Annab,  astral,  bri'dal,  carnal,  dismal, 
fatal,  final,  fis'cal,  flo'ral,  herald,  legal,  lo'cal, 
med'a]^  nasal,  naval,  pet'al,  quintal,  rascal,  regal, 
rib'ald,  rival,  sandal,  scandal,  thermal,  vas'sal, 
verbal,  vernal,  vi'als. 

Where  i  occurs  unaccented  in  the  following  words,  it  has  Its 
flhort  sound  as  in  pin.  Where  er  occurs,  with  no  mark  over  the 
«,  it  has  its  sound  as  in  her^  but  without  stress. 

11.  Ad'mi-ral,  ani-mal,  arse-nal,  can'ni-bal, 
carni-val,  cler'i-cal,  cor'po-ral,  crim'i-nal,  crit'i-cal, 
em'er-ald,  fed'er-al,  fes'ti-val,  ^en er-al,  hospi-tal, 
in'te-gral,  in'ter-val,  line-al,   lit'er-al,    med'i-cal, 


72        A  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES. 

mct'ri-cal,  min'er-al,  pec'to-ral,  pecVes-tal,  prac'ti 
cal,  prodi-gal,  se'ri-al,  sem'i-nal,  sev'er-al,  tem'po- 
ral,  trop'i-cal.  —  Ac-quit'tiil,  ca-rou5'al,  ca-thc\lral, 
co-eval,    co-los'sal,    i-de'al,    pri-mc'val,    re-ci'tal, 
re-pri^al,  rc-qui'tal,  re-vi'^al,  re-vi'val. 

12.  A-e'ri-al,  al-lu'vi-al,  col-lo'qui-al,  di-lu'vi-al, 
e-pis'co-pal,  faii-tas'ti-cal,  his-tor'i-cal,  in-iin'i-cal 
i-ron'i-cal,  me-mo'ri-al,  po-lit'i-cal,  pro-vcr'bi-al, 
si-dc're-al,  ter-res'tri-al,  the-at 'ri-cal.  Ac-ci-dent'- 
al,  det-ri-ment'al,  hor-i-zon'tal,  hy-me-ne'al,  of-fi- 
ci'nal,  o-ri-eii'tal,  par-ri-ci'dal,  su-i-ci'dal,  u-ni- 
ver'sal.  —  A-rith-met'i-cal,  di-a-met'ri-cal,  niath-e- 
mat'i-cal,  pe-ri-od'i-cal.  —  Par-a-di^-i'a-cal,  me-d!- 
a-to'ri-al. 

.  Words  eliding  in  am,  an,  and,  ancc,  ant ;   a  short  and  obscure, 

13.  Bal'ance,  ordnance,  penance,  pit'tance,  rid'- 
dance,  sub'stance,  ven^e'ance.  Blatant,  constant, 
currant,  des'cant,  distant,  extant,  flippant,  fra'- 
grant,  instant,  mer chant,  pec'cant,  ped'ant,  pen- 
nant, pli'ant,  pregnant,  rem'nant,  sextant,  stag'- 
nant,  ten  ant,  vacant,  vagrant.  Buck'ram,  mad', 
am,  quondam.  Cap'stan,  human,  organ,  pagan, 
Bul'tan,  turban.     Garland,  husband. 

14.  Com'plai-sance,  dis'so-nance,  hin'der-ance, 
mainte-nance,  or'di-nance,  sus'te-nance,  tem'per- 
ance,  va'ri-ance.  Ad'ju-tant,  cog'ni-zant,  con'so- 
nant,  con  ver-sant,  dom'i-nant,  cl'e-gant,  cm'i-grant, 
im'mi-grant,  men'di-cant,  mil'i-tant,  mis'cre-ant, 
re^'o-nant,  sup'pli-ant,  ter'ma-gant,  tol'ei  -ant.   Ar- 


A  m    UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.         73 

ti-5an,  partisan,    peri-can,    publi-can,   puri-tan, 
fcaVis-man.     Marjo-ram. 

15.  Ac-cept'ance,  re-luct'ance,  re-semblance, 
A-bun'dant,  as-cendant,  be-nig'nant,  dis-crep'ant, 
ex-pect'ant,  im-port'ant,  in-ces'sant,  in-dig'nant, 
pu-is'sant,  re-dun'dant.  Al-le'^i-ange,  de-liver 
ance,  in-lier'i-tance.  In-hab'i-tant,  ir-rel'e-vant. 
E-ques'tri-an,  gram-ma'ri-an,  li-bra'ri-an,  me-rid'i- 
an,  pe-des'tri-an,  re-publi-can,  tra-^/e'di-an.  Em- 
py-re'an.  An-ti-qua'ri-an,  met-ro-pori-tan.  An- 
te-di-iu'vi-an,  Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an.  ^ 

Words  ending  iii  ar,  ard,  art,  in  which  a  has  an  easy  sound  o/q  in  her 

16.  Ce'dar,  collar,  dol'lar,  fri'ar,  gram'mar,  la'zar, 
li'ar,  nee' tar,  pillar,  poplar,  solar,  vic'ar,  vin'e-gar. 
Cat'er-pil-lar.  Co-lum'nar.  In'ter-line-ar,  cur* 
vi-lin'e-ar,  rec'ti-lin e-ar.  —  Cus'tard,  dastard,  do'- 
tard,  haggard,  haz'ard,  lee' ward,  liz'ard,  maz'ard, 
mus'tard,  niggard,  orchard,  pil'chard,  pollard, 
scab'bard,  spike'nard,  standard,  taw'kard,  way' ward, 
west' ward,  wind' ward,  wiz'ard.     Stal'wart. 

Words  eliding  in  ary,  acy. 

The  a  in  ary,  acy,  unaccented,  has  an  obscure  sound  of  short  a, 
a8  in  the  last  syllable  of  mad' man.  The  y  has  an  easy  sound  of 
short  i. 

17.  Con'tra-ry,  gloss'a-ry,  grana-ry,  ple'na-ry, 
pri'ma-ry,  ro'sa-ry,  va'ga-ry.  Ad'ver-sa-ry,  anti- 
qua-ry,  a  pi-a-ry,  ar'bi-tra-ry,  bre'vi-a-ry,  cap  il-la- 
ry,  com'ment-a-ry,  com'mis-sa-ry,  cor  ol-la-ry,  cus'- 
tom-a-ry,  drom  e  ia-ry,  em'is-sa-ry,  ex'em-pla-ry, 

7 


74  A   IN    CfNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 

Febm-a-ry,  Janu-a-ry,  lap'i-da-ry,  lifer- a-ry, 
mer'ce-na-ry,  miri-ta-ry,  or di-na-ry,  plane-ta-ry, 
pul'mo-na-ry,  sal'ti-ta-ry,  sanc'tu-a-ry,  sa/i'gui- 
na-ry,  secre-ta-ry,  sed'en-ta-ry,  sub'lu-na-ry, 
sumpt'u  a-ry,  tem'po-ra-ry,  vorun-ta-ry.  Vet'er-i- 
na-ry.  Con  tu-ma-cy,  ef'fi-ca-cy,  in'tri-ca-cy,  ob'- 
sti-na-cy.  —  Dis-pen'sa-ry,  iD-firm'a-ry.  Con-spir- 
al cy,  de-moc'ra-cy,  di-plo'ma-cy,  su-prem'a-cy.  — 
El-ee-mo5'y-na-ry. 

18.  A-poth'e-ca-ry,  co-tem'po-ra-ry,  he-red'i- 
ta-ry,  in-cen'di-a-ry,  o-bit'ti-a-ry,  pe-cu  ni-a  ry, 
pre-lim'i-na-ry,  re-5id'u-a-ry,  vo-cab'u-la-ry,  vo- 
lup  tu-a-ry.  —  An-ni-ver'sa-ry,  com-pli-ment'a-ry, 
el-e-ment'a-ry,  sup-ple-ment'a-ry,  test-a-ment'a-ry, 
Su-per-nu  mer-a  ry.     Ar-is-toc  ra-cy 

Words  ending  in  ace,  as,  ase,  ass,  ast. 

The  a  in  the  following  words  has  an  obscure  sound  of  short  a. 
In  furnace  the  sound  is  nearer  to  that  of  short  i  ;  in  menace^  to 
that  of  long  a, 

19.  Fur nace, menace,  pal' ace, pin nace,  preface, 
sol' ace,  sur  face,  ter  race.  Pop'u-lace.  —  Atlas, 
bi'as,  ballast,  cutlass,  fra'cas,  har'ass,  purchase, 
tres'pass,  windlass.  Ali-as,  cop'per-as,  i'sin-glass, 
Em-bar  rass.  —  Er-y-sip  e-las.  —  Car  cass. 

Words  ending  in  ate,  the  a  having  an  obscure  sound  ofhmg  a. 

20.  Climate,  curate,  frigate,  legate,  palate, 
pirate,  prel'ate,  private,  pro'bate,  sen  ate,  vul'gate 
—  Ad'e-quate,   cboc'o-late,   dell-cate,   des'per-ate 


A  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.         75 

in  timate,*  lau  re-ate,  mod'er-ate,*  o'pi-ate,  predi- 
cate,* prox'i-mate,  ul'ti-mate.* — Con-sum'mate.*" 

21.  Con-sid'er-atc,  de-ter'mi-nate,  dis-con'so-late, 
ef-fein'i-ncite,  im-me'di-ate,  in-an'i-mate,  in-or'di- 
nate,  in-vet'er-ate,  le-^/it'i-mate,  pe-nul'ti-mate. 
sub-or'di-nate. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1,  2.  An  ultra  dogma.  Delta  is  the  Greek  letter  A.  An  extra  supply. 
Senna  and  manna.  A  stanza  of  the  poem.  Mica  shines.  A  vi^ta  through 
which  we  can  see  his  villa.     An  area  is  any  plain  surface. 

3.  An  arena  for  the  combat*  Put  a  cedilla  under  the  c.  The  corolla  of 
a  flower.  In  a  dilemma.  A  doctor's  diploma.  Erratum  is  the  singular  of 
errata.    I  found  an  erratum  in  the  book.   We  found  some  errata. 

4.  Effluvium  is  the  singular  of  effluvia.  Bad  effluvia  come  from  those 
houses.  A  bad^ffluvium  co/n«s  from  the  sink.  One  candelabrum.  Ten  cande- 
labra. The  insignia  of  his  office  were  displayed.  They  subpoenaed  the 
witnesses. 

6.  A  tractable  child.  A  portable  stove.  Read  the  parable.  Be  more 
affable.  A  palpable  untruth.  Taxable  land.  Tenable  property.  Potable 
wine.     A  probable  story.     Amenable  to  the  law.     An  ineffable  virion. 

6,  7.  Malleable  iron.  He  is  inimitable.  A  memorable  day.  They  are 
inseparable.  Your  loss  is  irreparable.  Inextricable  confusion.  An  invul- 
nerable hero.  Impermeable  cloth.  An  inexpugnable  fortress.  A  n  inex- 
orable tyrant.     A  navigable  river.     A  ponderable  gas. 

8,  9.  Repeat  the  adage.  Send  a  message.  He  is  in  his  dotage.  Spinage 
is  sometimes  spelt  spinach.  Do  not  take  umbrage  at  my  remark.  Rich 
foliage.  A  hemorrhage  of  the  lungs.  Encourage  the  diligent.  A  rich 
vintage.  The  steerage  of  a  ship.  The  advantage  of  early  rising.  An  av- 
erage quantity.  A  safe  passage.  Prepay  the  postage.  He  shall  have  my 
suffrage. 

10,11.  The  annals  of  the  city.  Anastrallamp.  The  fatal  bridal.  Vialf 
of  glass.  A  quintal  of  fish.  A  ribald  scandal.  The  petals  of  the  rose. 
Avoid  that  nasal  delivery.  An  integral  part.  The  primeval  forest  A 
colossal  cathedral.  The  emerald  ie  green.  The  prodigal  son.  Several  re- 
visals.     Tropical  heat. 

12 — 14.   Diluvial  sand     An  inimical  memorial.    Sidereal  light    A  fiui- 

•  When  these  words  are  rerbs,  the  a  in  the  final  syllable  is  long.  The  dia- 
tinciion  may  be  observed  in  the  following  sentence :  *'  Intimate  to  your  intim&tfl 
frittsi  that  he  is  in  the  wrong.''    See  page  62,  paragraph  1. 


76  .        E  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES. 

cidal  I  olicy.  A  hymeneal  ode.  A  periodical  attack.  Ironical  praise.  Ter- 
restrial scenes.  An  ordinance  for  the  casting  of  more  ordnance.  A  blatan/ 
calf  A  garland  for  my  hat.  The  sultan  threatens  vengeance.  The  tenant 
Df  the  house.  My  quondam  friend.  The  10th  inst.,  or  instant,  means  the 
tenth  of  the  present  month.     A  vagrant  giant.     Peccant  hamors. 

15.  The  maintenance  of  a  family.  Your  oomplaisance  oppresses.  The 
miscreant  is  now  a  suppliant  The  adjutant  is  cognizant  of  his  afiairs.  la 
he  conversant  with  mine?  An  irrelevant  remark.  A  redundant  word. 
The  Metropolitan  Hotel.  The  Mediterranean  Sea.  You  owe  me  no  allegi- 
ance. The  defendant  is  he  who  defends  ;  the  plaintiff  is  he  who  complains, 
A  puissant  king.  Discrepant  testimony.  Sweet  marjoram.  That  I  might 
«oar  to  the  empyrean  !    Antediluvian  vestiges. 

16,  17.  Cut  down  the  poplar.  The  orchard  is  full  of  caterpillars.  Lee- 
ward  is  the  part  toward  which  the  wind  blows  ;  windward,  the  part /rom 
which  it  blows.  Rectilinear  marks.  A  *haggard  dotard.  A  columnar 
form.  A  silver  tankard.  The  granary  is  full.  A  conspiracy  against  th« 
democracy.  A  mercenary  emissary.  Plenary  indulgence.  A  veterinary 
doctor.  Exemplary  diplomacy.  Sumptuary  laws.  A^sedentary  life. 
Capillary  attraction.     Your  contumacy  is  too  bad.     A  printed  breviary. 

18,  19.  A  residuary  legatee.  Look  in  the  supplementary  vocabulary. 
A  cotemporary  apothecary.  Elementary  studies.  A  supernumerary  idler 
An.  obituary  notice.  The  populace  menace  the  palace.  Throw  out  the 
ballast.  Purchase  a  cutlass.  Heave  at  the  windlass.  A  fracas  in  th« 
street.  Brown  alias  Jones.  Commit  no  trespass.  She  has  the  erysipelas. 
They  harass  the  enemy.     Eleemosynary  gifts. 

20,  21.  A  judge  of  probate.  The  legate  came  with  the  prelate.  A  cup 
cf  chocolate.  Name  the  predicate.  The  proximate  cause.  The  penulti- 
mate syllable  is  the  last  but  one.  An  inordinate  glutton.  The  opiate  madf 
her  sleep.    A  disconsolate  widow. 

II.     E  in  unaccented  Syllables, 

Words  ending  in  ed,  the  e  having  an  easy  sound  of  short  e. 

1.  A'(7ed,  crab'bed,  dogged,  dot'ted,  dread'ed, 
ha'tred,  heat'ed,  hundred,  kindred,  leam'ed,* 
na'ked,  ragged,  rugged,  wed'ded,  wick'ed. 

Words  ending  in  el,  the  e  having  an  easy  sound  of  short  e. 

2.  Bev'el,   cam' el,   cancel,    chancel,    channel^ 

•  Learned,  when  an  adjective,  is  pronounced  in  two  syllablee  ;  when  a  T«rb 
or  a  participle,  in  one  syllable. 


&  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.         77 

chapel,  charnel,  chat'tel,  chisel,  coronel  (pro- 
nounced keriiel)^  cm' el,  cud'^el,  dam'sel,  flannel, 
fuel,  funnel,  gospel,  grapnel,  gravel,  jew'ei, 
ken'nel,  kernel.  ^ 

3.  Label,  level,  li'bel,  lintel,  marvel,  min strel, 
mod'el,  mor sel,  novel,  pan' el,  parcel,  rev' el,  sach'- 
el  (or  satch'el),  scal'pel,  scoundrel,  se'quel,  sorrel, 
tim'brel,  tinsel,  tram'mel,  trav'el,  tunnel,  vessel. 

4.  Caro-mel,  cit'a-del,  cocker-el,  dog'ger-el, 
in'fi-del,  mack'er-el,  o'ri-el,  pick'er-el,  sen'ti-nel, 
taf 'fer-el.  —  Ap-par'el,  di-shev'el,  en-am'el,  im» 
pan'nel. 

In  the  following  words,  the  e  in  the  last  syllable  is  unsounded, 
as  if  they  were  written  driv%  grov%  &c. 

5.  Drivel,  grovel,  ha'zel,  na'vcl,  rav'el,  shek'el, 
shovel,  shrivel,  snivel,  swivel,  teasel,  weasel. 

Words  ending  in  em,  the  e  short  as  in  hem. 

6.  Anthem,  em'blem,  i'tem,  po'em,  prob'lem. 
pro'em,  sachem.  —  Di'a-dem,  re'qui-em,  strat'a- 
^em,  the'o-rem. 

Words  ending  in  en,  the  e  short,  vnthout  stress. 

7.  Barren,  bre^A'ren,  chil'dren,  chick'en,  pat- 
ten, kitch'en,  mit'ten,  o'men,  pol'len,  sud'den, 
sul'len.  —  Cit'i-zcn,  den  i-^en.  —  A-cu'men,  bi-tu - 
men. 

Words  ending  in  en,  tTie  e  unsounded. 

The  e  before  final  n  in  unaccented  syllables  is  unsounded  Id 
many  verbs,  participles,  and  adjectives,  and  some  nouns. 

8.  Bidden,  bit'ten,  black'en,  bra'zen,  bro'ken, 


78         E  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES. 

cloven,  driven,  e-le"v'en,  e'ven,  fresh'en,  g.ar'den^ 
giv'en,  gold'cn,  ha'ven,  heaYAen,  heaven,  hempen, 
kifc'ten,  length'en,  li'ken,  maid'en,  miz'zen,  molt'en, 

9.  Oven,  o'pen,  oj^'en,  quick' en,  ra'ven,  red'den, 
rid'den,  ri'pen,  sad'den,  sev'en,  sha'pen,  sick'en, 
silk' en,  smit'ten,  sod'den,  spo'ken,  stiffen,  strait'en, 
strengthen,  strick'en,  striven,  swol'len,  to'ken, 
wax'en,  wood'en,  writ'ten. 

Words  ending  in  cnce,  cnsc,  ency,  arid,  ent,  the  initiol  q  of  t/u 
syllahle  Jiaving  an  easy  sound  of  short  e. 

10.  Ab'sence,  cadence,  credence,  essence,  pres- 
ence, pm'dence,  sci'ence,  sentence,  si'lence,  six'- 
pence.  Ad' vent,  a'^ent,  ardent,  clem'ent,  cli'ent, 
co'^ent,  com'ment,  convent,  crescent,  decent,  fer- 
vent, frag'ment,  ful'^/ent,  garment,  lam'bent,  latent, 
mo'ment,  pave'ment,  pigment,  po'tent,  pungent, 
re'^/ent,  seg'ment,  tal'ent,  tan'^/ent,  tri'dent. 

11.  Ab'sti-nence,  com'pe-tence,  confer- ence, 
con'fi-dence,  con'ti-nence,  dif'fer-ence,  def'er-ence, 
dil'i-^ence,  ex'i-^ence,  frank'in-cense,  im'po-tence, 
in'do-lence,  infer- ence,  in'so-lence,  neg'li-^ence, 
pes'ti-lence,  pref'er-ence,  prpv'a-lence,  prov'i- 
dence,  ref'er-ence,  ve'he-mence,  vi'o-lence,  reti- 
cence. 

12.  Ac'ci-dent,  al'i-ment,  arm'a-ment,  condi- 
ment, det'ri-ment,  dif'fi-dent,  dis'si-dent,  el'e-ment, 
es'cu-lent,  em'i-nent,  el'o-quent,  evi-dent,  ex'cel- 
lent,  im'mi-nent,  im'ple-ment,  im'po-tent,  indi- 
gent, in'do-lent,  in'no-cent. 

13.  Lig'a-ment,  man'a^e-ment,  o'ri-eat,   orna- 


E  IN   PINAL   SYLLABLES.  7^ 

tnenfc,  pen'i  tent,  per'ma-nent,  pres'i-dent,  pionii- 
nent,  reflu-ent,  rev'er-ent,  red'o-lent,  res'i-dent, 
sa'li-ent,  sa pi-ent,  sed'i-ment,  sent'i-ment,  somno- 
lent, sub'se-quent,  ten  e-ment,  test'a-ment. 

14.  A-bate'ment,  ad-ja  cent,  al-lot'ment,  as-sess'- 
ment,  a-tone'ment,  at-tach'ment,  com-pla'cent, 
con-tin'^ent,  de-pend'ent,  de-po'nent,  ef-ful'^cnt, 
de-spond'ent,  di5-5olv'ent,  en-rol'ment,  ful-firment, 
in-herent,  in-clem'ent,  in-frin^/e'ment,  in-trench' 
ment,  in-solvent,  op-po'nent,  re-fresh'ment,  re 
spond'ent,  vice-^e'rent. 

15.  Ab-horrence,  ad-herence,  co-her'ence,  con- 
dolence, di-ver'^ence,  ex-cres'cence,  im-pru'dence, 
pre-ce'dence,  quin-tes'sence,  sub-sist'ence,  trans- 
ference. 

16.  Ad-verti5e-ment,  ar-bit'ra-ment,  co-in'ci- 
dent,  e-quiv'a-lent,  ha-biri-ment,  in-cipi-ent, 
in-com  pe-tent,  in-gre'di-ent,  mag-niro-quent,  ma- 
lev'o-lent,  pre-em'i-nent,  re-cip'i-ent.  —  Cir-cum'- 
fer-ence,  ex-pe'ri-ence,  om-nip'o-tence.  —  As-cend'- 
en-cy. 

17.  Cor-re-spond'ence,  in-ad-vert'ence,  in-co- 
herence,  ju-ris-prudence.  Ac-com'pa-ni-ment. 
An-te-ce'dent.  Cir-cum-am'bi-ent.  Su-per-in- 
tend'ent. 

Words  ending  tn  er,  the  e  having  an  easy  sound- of  q  in  her. 

18.  Ad'der,  ant'ler,  banner,  banter,  bet'ter 
bibljer,  bick'er,  blad'der,  blub'ber,  bri'er,  brimmer, 
buckler,  cancer,  chaffer,  cank'er,  chat'ter,  crack'er, 


80  E   IN   FINAL   SYLLABLES. 

cra'ter,  dip'per,  dra'per,  drum'mer,  em'ber,  fender, 
fil'ter,  flat'ter,  flick'er,  fod'der,  glim'mer,  gunner, 
hammer,  hamper,  hank'er,  hinder,  jab'ber. 

19.  Lad'der,  lay'er,  led/er,  le'per,  lifter,  mill'er, 
offer,  over,  panther,  ped'dler,  pepper,  prim'er, 
print'er,  quaver,  quiv'er,  ram'bler,  rash'er,  rub'ber, 
rud'der,  sad'dler,  scamp' er,  scat'ter,  scupper,  sell'er, 
sharp'er,  shat'ter. 

20.  Shorter,  shut'ter,  simper,  sinner,  skip'per, 
sliver,  song ster,  spinster,  stam'mer,  suffer,  supper, 
sutler,  tanner,  tell'er,  te^A'er,  till'er,  tinder, 
trench'er,  tri'fler,  tum'bler,  twit'ter,  ul'cer,  ud'der, 
up'per, vesper,  vouch' er,  wel'ter,  whe^A'er,  whimper, 
whis'ker,  whis'per,  whi^A'er,  winner. 

21.  Al'mon-er,  bal'us-ter,  ban'ter-er,  canis-ter, 
cim'e-ter,  con'^e-ner,  gla  ci-er,  gos'sa-mer,  har'bin- 
geT,  in'te-^er,  lav'en-der,  man'a-^er,  scaven-^er, 
sin'is-ter,  treas  u-rer.  —  An-oth'er,  a-sun'der,  be- 
gin'ner,  be-wil'der,  com-pi'ler,  com-po'ser,  con-trol'- 
ler,  de-cant'er,  de-fend'er,  de-fi'ner,  de-tect'er, 
en-dan^er,  ex-port'er,  me-an'der,  per-form'er, 
re-cord'er,  re-form'er,  se-ques'ter,  to-ge^A'er. — ■ 
Ba-rom'e-ter. 

The  following  words  are  spelt  by  "Webster  with  the  termination 
er,  as  here  presented  ;  but  most  lexicographers  transpose  the  let- 
ters thus :  cen'tre,  fibre,  ma'7voeu'vre,  &c. 

22.  Center,  fi'ber,  lus'ter,  mau'ger,  meager, 
me'ter,  nii'ter,  ni'ter,  o'cher  (the  cli  like  k)^  sa'ber^ 
Bcep'ter,  som'ber,  spec'ter. 

23     Cal'i-ber,  sep  ul-cher  (the  ch  like  ^),  the  a  ter, 


B  m   FINAL   SYLLABLES.  81 

Ac-oouter    (proiounced    ak-kooter),    ma-neu'ver, 
salt-pe'ter.     Re-con-noi'ter. 

In  of  ere,  lu'cre,  mas^sa-cre,  rrw-di-o'cre  (pronounced  dket^ 
lii'ker,  mas'sa-ker^  &c.),  the  form  of  re  final  is  retained. 

Wonrds  ending  in  ess,  the  e  having  an  easy  sound  of  short  e. 

24.  Ab'bess,  ab'scess,  act'ress,  aw'less,  blameless, 
bootless,  but'tress,  duch'ess,  egress,  em'press,  end'- 
less,  fullness ,  hapless,  harness,  ill'ness,  kind'ness, 
largess,  leanness,  listless,  matchless,  meanness, 
mistress,  peerless,  plainness,  priest'ess,  princess, 
reckless,  sadness,  sameness,  senseless,  soulless, 
stillness,  tasteless,  witness.     Gov'ern-ess. 

Words  ending  in  et,  the  e  having  an  easy  sound  of  short  e. 

25.  Ban  quet,  billet,  blank'et,  bracelet,  brack'et, 
buffet,  camlet,  cos'set,  crick'et,  crotch'et,  driblet, 
ferret,  fid/et,  fresh'et,  garret,  ^ib'bet,  goblet, 
gor'^et,  gullet,  gus'set,  hamlet,  hatch'et,  inlet, 
lancet,  latch' et,  linnet,  lock'et. 

26.  Mag'net,  mallet,  onset,  pack'et,  pallet, 
pick'et,  plum'met,  po'et,  puppet,  rack'et,  riv'et, 
rock'et,  russet,  signet,  skillet,  sock'et,  tick'et, 
tip'pet,  trink'et,  trumpet,  wick'et. 

27.  Cabl-net,  coro-net,  bar'o-net,  bay'o-net, 
epau-let,  epl-thet,  mina-ret,  om'e-let,  par'a-pet. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERaSES. 


1 — 4.  An  aged  and  learned  man.  What  is  a  bevel  ?  He  had  a  chiseL 
Goods  and  chattels.  Loads  of  gravel.  The  grapnel  did  not  hold.  CoL  is  a 
contraction  for  colonel.  Souna  tne  timbrel.  Fresh  mackerel.  Sleepy  sen- 
tinels. Impannel  the  jury.  Oriel  windows.  A  novel  in  his  satchel.  The 
vessel  sank.  Disheveled  hair.  The  lintel  of  the  door.  Doggerel  verse  Tha 
iailor  stood  at  the  tafferel  (or  taffrail).     A  dose  of  calomel 


82  Em   FINAL   SYLLABLES. 

6 — 7,  A  shekel  of  silver.  A  hazel  nut.  Shovel  the  snow.  They  gr^rei 
Defore  him.  The  brethren  sang  an  anthem.  A  good  omen.  A  kitchen 
garden.     Solve  the  problem.     A  denizen  of  the  city.     Melt  the  bitumen. 

8,  9.  Quicken  thy  pace.  The  maiden's  kitten.  Bitten  by  a  dog.  A 
eilken  cord.  Black  as  a  raven's  wing.  A  waxen  doll.  Eleven  oxen.  Th€ 
mizzen  mast.  A  swollen  gum.  Frozen  cream.  An  even  temper.  Wooden 
shoes.     How  far  have  you  ridden  ? 

10,  11.  Pungent  odors.  A  trident  has  three  prongs.  The  crescent  moon 
Reticence  is  concealment  by  silence.  The  garment  fits.  With  deference, 
rour  vehemence  is  out  of  place.  What  insolence  !  Explain  the  difference 
He  has  a  competence.     Burn  ths  frankincense.     Total  abstinence. 

12,  13.  Dissident  voters.  A  diffident  youth.  An  esculent  plant  is  one 
p)od  for  food.  The  orient  is  the  east  Excellent  implements.  A  perma- 
lent  president.  The  refluent  tide.  The  air  is  redolent  of  spring.  A  salient 
buntain.    A  ligament  for  the  bones. 

14,  15.  A  contingent  assessment.  The  respondent  is  he  who  answers. 
i  vicegerent  is  an  officer  ruling  in  place  of  another.  Inclement  weather. 
Strong  intrenchments.  The  fulfilment  of  a  prophecy.  The  quintessence  of 
in  extract.     Give  her  your  condolence.     A  transference  of  troops. 

]6,  17.  An  advertisement  in  the  newspaper.  An  incompetent  superin- 
tendent. The  arbitrament  of  arms.  I  dispute  his  ascendency.  A  magnil- 
)quent  address.  Incipient  disease.  Shabby  habiliments.  Coincident  views. 
The  lake's  circumference.  A  recipient  of  his  bounty.  An  ingredient  of  the 
mixture.  Our  antecedent  correspondence.  Pardon  the  inadvertence.  The 
circum&mbient  air.     She  played  an  accompaniment.  * 

18,  19.  Her  teeth  chatter.  Filter  the  water.  Bring  a  hammer  to  mend 
the  ladder.  A  peddler  of  clocks.  The  leper  was  cured.  He  keeps  a  ledger. 
iN  <jrackor  In  the  dipper.  Bid  the  sharper  scamper.  Fodder  the  cattle 
riweet  brier.     Do  not  bicker  over  your  beakers. 

20,  21.  A  sutler  in  the  army.  Whisper  low  Whither  do  you  go ; 
Tether  the  lamb.  A  sliver  of  wood.  An  iron  bala^tor.  A  canister  of  tea. 
Che  go-jsamer  floais.  The  glaciers  of  Switzerland.  An  exporter  of  cotton, 
wie  Counterfeit  Detecter.  Call  the  scavenger.  A  Turkish  cimeter.  A 
iongener  is  a  thing  of  like  nature  with  another  The  brook  meanders. 
Sequester  his  estate.     The  barometer  fell. 

22—24.  Reconnoiter  the  field.  The  caliber  of  the  gun.  The  fullness  of 
bins.  A  largess  is  a  gift.  The  princess  has  a  governess.  A  matchlesfl 
actress.  Harness  the  horse.  A  bootless  errand.  Grant  him  free  ingress 
and  egress.     A  mediocre  performance.     Seventy  acres. 

25 — 27.  The  g  in  gibbet  has  the  sound  of  j.  A  bracelet  for  the  wrist 
Ferret  him  out.  A  camlet  cloak.  A  bracket  for  the  clock.  A  gusset  in 
the  shirt.  The  magnet  attracts.  A  ticket  for  the  concert  A  pallet  of  straw 
1^  baronet  wore  an   paulet     He  ate  an  omelet    Put  on  the  skillet 


I  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.         83 

m.    The  Sound  of  sh.ort  1  in  unaccented  Syllables. 

Words  in  which  foiaZ  y,  ey,  i,  and  ee,  have  an  easy  sound  of  short  i 
For  other  ivords  of  this  doss,  see  page  145. 

1.  Barley,  cherry,  clum'^y,  co'zy,  dal'ly,  din'^y, 
drop'sy,  ed'dy,  entry,  envy,  fel'ly,  flee'cy,  folly, 
frenzy,fim'ny, gentry, hap'py,  ho'ly,  holly,  hungry, 
i'vy,  lily,  lob  by. 

2 .  Merry ,  motley,  mum'my ,  na  vy ,  only,  pan  try, 
parsley,  partly, pel'try, penny,  pit y,  plaguy,  pu ny, 
query,  quinsy,  safe'ty,  sentry,  silly,  sorry,  stingy, 
study,  sul'try,  surly,  tally,  tansy,  ti'dy,  turkey, 
wher'ry,  whiin'sey,  whiskey,  ves'try,  za'ny. 

3.  Aml-ty,  am'nes-ty,  an'ces-try,  ar'te-ry,  bal'- 
co-ny,  big'ot-ry,  bot'a-ny,  braver-y,  brevl-ty, 
bri'ber-y,  cav'al-ry,  cel'er-y,  chan'cer-y,  chas'ti-ty^ 
co'^en-cy,  con  stan-cy,  cur'so-ry,  cus'to-dy,  diml-ty, 
drud^'er-y,  dra'per-y,  dy'nas-ty. 

4.  Eb'o-ny,  ef'fi-^/y,  el'der-ly,  em'bas  sy,  fan- 
ta-sy,  fe'al-ty,  fer'ven-cy,  fi'nal-ly,  fi'ner-y,  fre'- 
quen-cy,  grate'ful-ly,  hick'o-ry,  homl-ly,  im'a^e-ry, 
in'dus-try,  in'fant-ry,  infa-my,  in'fan-cy,  lai-ty, 
i'vo-ry,  jew'el-ry,  lenl-ty,  lar ce-ny,  levl-ty,  leg- 
a-cy,  lep'ro-sy,  lib'er-ty,  lot'ter-y. 

5.  Mod'es-ty,  minis-try,  mon'o-dy,  muti-ny, 
pal'mis-try,  pan  o-ply,  ped'ant-ry,  pen  al-ty,  pillo-ry, 
po'e-sy,  po'et-ry,  po'ten-cy,  pov'er-ty,  prel'a-cy, 
pri'va-cy,  privl-ly,  probl-ty,  prop'er-ty,  pu'ri-ty, 
pros'o-dy,  quack'er-y. 

6.  Ee'al-ly,  re'cen-cy,  re'^en-cy,  rev.el-ry,  rev'- 
er-y   (or    rever-ie),   tib'ald-ry,    sal'a-ry,    san'i-ty, 


84  I   IN   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 

se'cre-cy,  sol'ven-cy,  svLrger-j,  test'i-ly,  traves-ty, 
trin'i-ty,  ur'^en-cy,  ver'i-ty,  war'ran-ty. 

7.  Ap'o-plex-y,  cas'u-al-ty,  cem'e-ter-y,  con'tro- 
ver-sy,  ig'no-min-y,  mil'li-ner-y,  nec'ro-man-cy^ 
or'tho-e-py,  or'tho-dox-y,  pres'by-tSr-y. — Ab-rupt'- 
ly,  an-cho Vy 

8.  A-cer'bi-ty,  a-men'i-ty,  an-aro-^,  an-thol'- 
o-gj,  a-nat'o-my,  a-pos'ta-sy,  as-tron  o-rny,  di-ver - 
si-ty,  e-con'o-my,  hy-poc'ri-sy,  im-pi'e-ty,  ma-hog'- 
a-ny,  mis-an'thro-py,  mo-nop'o-ly,  mo-not'o-ny, 
o-bes'i-ty,  pa-thol'o-^y,  so-lU'o-quy. —  Con-fec'tion- 
er-y.  Con-tra-dict'o-ry,  ^en-e-al'o-^y,  in-tro-duc- 
to-ry,  man-u-fac'to-ry,  val-e-dic'to-ry. 

9.  Ban-dit'ti,  com-mit'tee.  Mac-a-rom,  sper- 
ma-ceti. 

IVords  eliding  in  ible,  the  i  having  an  easy  sound  of  short  i,  and 
the  final  e  being  silent. 

10.  Ed'i-ble,  fal'li-ble,  flexi-ble,  for'ci-ble, 
pos'si-ble,  ri^'i-ble,  sen'si-ble,  tan^/i-ble,  terri-ble, 
vend'i-ble,  vis'i-ble.  —  Cor'ri-^i-ble,  eri-//i-ble. 

11.  Ac-cess'i-ble,  ad-miss'i-ble,  corn-bus' ti-ble, 
com-pat'i-bl3,  con-vert'i-ble,  m-dell-ble,  in-fal'li-ble, 
in-flex'i-ble,  in-vinci-ble,  per-cep'ti-ble,  re-spon- 
si-ble.  —  Ir-re-5ist'i-ble,  im-pre-script'i-ble,  in-ex- 
haust'i-ble,  in-di-vis'i-ble,  in-ex-press' i-ble.  —  Un- 
m-fcel'li-^i-ble.     In-con-tro-vert'i-ble. 

Words  in  which  i  before  d,  or  before  the  sound  of  k,  represented 
by  c,  has  an  easy  sound  of  short  i. 

12.  Can  did,  flac'cid  Cpronounced  flak'sid),  gel  id. 


1   IN    UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES.  85 

um  pid,  liv  id,  mor  bid,  pallid,  pu  trid,  rab  id,  rap  id, 
ran'cid,  sapid,  sordid,  splendid,  torpid,  turbid, 
tur'^id,  val'id.  —  In-sip'id,  in-trep'id,  pel-lu  cid. 

13.  An' tic,  arc' tic,  at' tic,  dor'ic,  ep'ic,  fab'ric, 
garlic,  mas'tic,  ni'tric,  op'tic,  panic,  picnic,  plas'tic, 
scenic,  sto'ic,  top'ic,  traffic. —  Ar'se-nic,  bish'op-ric, 
cath'o-lic. 

14.  A-cros'tic,  a-lem'bic,  an-tarc'tic,  a-quat'ic, 
des-pot'ic,  di-dac'tic,  dog-mat'ic,  do-mes'tic,  dy- 
nam'ic,  ec-cen'tric,  e-clec'tic,  e-clip'tic,  ecs-tat'ic, 
e-lec'tric,  el-lip'tic,  ex-trin'sic,  ^-gan'tic,  in-trin'sic, 
la-con'ic,  le-thar'^ic. 

15.  Mag-net'ic,  me-tal'lic,  mo-sa'ic,  or-gan'ic, 
pa-cif 'ic,  pe-dant'ic,  prog-nos'tic,  pro-5a'ic,  pro-lif'iCi 
re-pub'lic,  sar-cas'tic,  spas-mod'ic,  spe-cif'ic,  syl- 
lab'ic,  ter-rif'ic^  vol-can'ic. 

Words  in  whick  i  or  j  before  fined  \  or  le  Jms  the  sound  of  short  i, 
as  in  ill,  witlwut  stress. 

16.  A'pril,  anvil,  cavil,  civil,  fossil,  lentil, 
nos'tril,  peril,  tendril,  tonsil,  tum'bril.  Duc'tile, 
febrile,  fertile,  flexile,  futile,  hostile,  missile, 
pep'tile,  servile,  sterile,  tendril,  tranquil.  Beryl, 
dac'tyl,  sib'yl. 

17.  Cod'i-cil,  dom'i-cil,  im'be-cile,  ju've-nile, 
mefcan-tile,  pu'er-ile,  vol'a-tile.  —  Bis-sex'tile, 
pro-jec'tile,  u-ten'sil. 

In  the  words  dev'U^  e'vU,  weefvil,  the  i  before  I  final  is  unsounded 
wid  they  are  pronounced  as  if  written  dev%  ei%  weev'L 

8 


86         I  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES. 

Words  ending  in  im,  my  and  ine. 

18.  Bob'bin,  bod'kin,  bus'kin,  cof'tn,  cum'in, 
florin,  gob'lin,  Lat'in,  margin,  muffin,  muslin, 
pig  gin,  pipkin,  pumpkin,  res'in,  ro^'in,  savin, 
spavin,  tannin,   toc'sin,  urchin,  vermin,  wel'kin. 

Des'tine,  doc'trine,  engine,  ermine,  fam'ine. 
•as'mine,  marline,  vac'cine  (pronounced  vak'sin). 

In  the  words  ba'sin,  cou/in,  rai'^in,  the  i  before  vl  fined  is  vsif 
^mnded. 

19.  Al'ka-line,    dis'ci-pline,   eglan-tine,    fem'i 
c^^,    ^en'u-ine,     her'o-ine,     i'o-dine,    ^el'a-tine, 
jeftsa-mine,    lib'er-tine,    mas'cu-line,    med'i-cine, 
nec'ta-rine.       Harle-quin,    jac'o-bin,    moc'ca-sin, 
or  i-^jin,  ter'ra-pin.     Rag  a-muf-fin. 

20.  Clan- des' tine,  de-ter'mine,  il-lu'mine,  in- 
tes'tino,  pre-des'tiuvO.  Ver-ba'tim.  Me-theg'lin, 
re-plevk  Ad-a-man'ane,  al-ex-an'drine,  am-a- 
ran'thine. 

Words  ending  in  ice,  is,  ise,  ist. 

21.  AuVpice,  bod'ice,  chal'ice,  cornice,  coppice 
crevice,  just'ice,  lat'tice,  mal'ice,  no'tice,  nov'ice, 
service,  sol'stice,  surplice.     Anise.     Axis,  basis, 
cri'sis,  da'is,  finis,  glot'tis,  gratis,  i'ris,  marquis, 
orris,  tennis,  trel'lis. 

22.  Arm'is-tice,  art'i-fice,  aVa-rice,  ben'e-fice, 
cic'a-trice,  cow'ard-ice,  dent'i-frice,  ed'i-fice,  ^en' 
e-sis,  in'ter-stice,  lic'o-rice,  or'i-fice,  prej'u-dice. 

23  Ac-com'plice,  ap-pren'tice,  el-lip'sis,  o-a'siSj 
port-cul'lis,  syn-op'sis.  —  A-nal'y-rxs,  me-trop'o-lis, 


1   IN   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES  87 

ral'y-sis  —  Di-ag-no'sis,  ep-i- dermis      A-man- 
a-en'sis. 

24.  Art'ist,  bap'tist,  de'ist,  dent'ist,  flo'rist,  the  ist, 
tourist. — A'the-ist,  cop y-ist,  dram'a-tist,  duel-ist-^ 
ego-tist,  humor-ist,  oc'u-list,  mor'al-ist,  novel-ibt, 
pan  the-ist,  pu'^il-ist.  —  Or'tho-e-pist.  Yen-triro- 
^uist.     Ag-ri-cult'u-rist,  hor-ti-cult'ti-rist. 

Words  ending  in  it,  ite,  a7id  ive,  in  which  i  has  its  short  sound, 
Wild  final  e  is  idle. 

25.  Bandit,  credit,  cul'prit,  ed'it,  granite, 
lab'it,  limit,  merit,  out'fit,  rab'bit,  respite,  sum'mit, 
'Tan'sit,  visit,  vomit.  —  Befi-cit,  defi-nite,  ex'- 
iui-5ite,  in'fi-nite,  op'po-^ite,  per'qui-,site,  pret'er-it. 

26.  Com-po5lte,  de-creplt,  de-merlt,  de-po5lt, 
ji-hablt,  in-herlt,  pro-hiblt.  —  Af-fi-daVit. 

27.  Active,  cap'tive,  costive,  da'tive,  fes'tive, 
massive,  mo'tive,  native,  olive,  pensive,  restive, 
i^portlve,  vo'tive. 

28.  Adjec-tive,ex'ple-tive,^enl-tive,  neg'a-tive, 
pTisi-tive,  priml-tive,  priva-tive,  sed'a-tive,  sensl- 
iiTe,  sub's  tan- tive,  transl-tive,  voc'a-tive. 

29.  Ad-he'sive,  at-ten'tive,  at-tractlve,  co-he'- 
sive,  col-lectlve,  com-pulsive,  con-ducive,  de-ci'- 
sive,  de-fen  sive,  de-scriptlve,  di-^estlve,-  e-va'sive, 
ex-cesslve,  ex-pansive,  ex-presslve,  in-ductlve, 
in-structlve,  in-vec'tive,  in-ventlve. 

30.  Of-fen'sive,  op-presslve,  pro-spectlve,  pos- 
sessive, pre-ventlve,  pro-gresslve,  re-flectlve, 
re-spon'sive,  re-ten'tive,  re-pulslve,  re-spectlve, 
te-strictlve.  sub-missive,  suc-cesslve,  vin-dic'tive. 


88         I  IN  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES. 

31  Fed'er-a-tive,  figu-ra-tive,  im'i-ta-tive, 
medi-ca-tive,  nom'i-na-tive,  oper-a-tive,  pal'li-a- 
fcive,  specu-la-tive. 

32.  Corn-par  a- tive,  al-ter  na-tive,  con-sec  u-tive, 
con-serv'a-tive,  de-fin'i-tive,  de-mon'stra-tive,  im- 
per'a-tive,  in-dic'a-tive,  in-fin'i-tive,  in-qum-tive, 
pre-par'a-tive,  pre-rog'a-tive,  pro-vo'ca-tive,  su- 
per'la-tive. — Ap-pre-hen'sive,  com-pre-hen'sive,  ret- 
ro-spect'ive.     In-ter-rog'a-tive. 

Words  having  slwrt  i  before  ng  and,  sh. final* 

33.  Awning,  bed' ding,  dumpling,  fat'ling, 
g05'ling,  hireling,  inkling,  li'ning,lus'tring,  lod/ing, 
meaning,  nestling,  scant'ling,  starling,  stocking, 
wed'ding. 

34.  Banish,  blandish,  blemish,  brandish,  bru'- 
tish,  burnish,  cherish,  childish,  churlish,  famish, 
finish,  foolish,  furbish,  lavish,  perish,  publish, 
punish,  relish,  rub'bish,  selfish,  skitlish,  tarnish, 
vanish,  vaw'quish,  varnish. 

35.  A-bollsh,  ac-com'plish,  ad-monlsh,  as-ton- 
ish,  de-mollsh,  di-minlsh,  em-bellish,  es-tab'lish, 
re-plenlsh. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — 8.  A  cozy  room.  A  lonely  lily.  The  odor  of  tansy.  Parsley  in  the 
pantry.  Stand  sentry.  She  has  the  quinsy.  A  motley  fool.  A  plaguy 
fly  A  stingy  maid.  Barley  candy.  Celery  for  dinner.  A  chancery  suit. 
A  cavalry  oflBcer.  Look  from  the  balcony.  The  present  dynasty  of  Franco. 
A  cursory  review.  Dimity  curtains.  Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit  A  felly  if 
the  outward  rim  of  a  wheel :  it  was  formerly  written /e//o€. 

*  The  teacher  will  bear  in  mind  that  ng  and  ah  are  distinct  elements,  for 
which  our  alphabet  is  deficient  in  any  simple  signs.  Quard  against  the  vioiooa 
mode  which  some  spoaKers  have  of  clipping  the  full  sound  of  ng  in  tormiuar 
ttODS  in  ing  ;  oonveicing  morning,  for  ^zao.ple,  into  momin'. 


IS  UNACCENTED  SYLLABLES.         89 

4  -6.  An  effigy  in  ebony.  An  elderly  person.  The  lai'ty  and  *lie  clergy 
h  jewelry  shop.  Boil  the  hominy.  Petty  larceny.  They  swore  fealty  tc 
the  king.  A  homily  or  sermon.  The  crew  mutiny.  Prosody  treats  of 
verse.  A  youth  of  probity.  I  guarantee  his  solvency.  Her  sanity  is  really 
questioned.  A  large  salary.  Her  eyes  are  fixed  on  vacancy.  She  is  in 
b  reverie.     A  warranty  deed.     Rely  on  my  secrecy. 

7 — 9.  A  fit  of  apoplexy.  A  long  controversy.  A  deed  of  ignominy 
Orthoepy  is  the  art  of  pronouncing  words  properly.  A  list  of  casualties 
A  mahogany  box.  A  confectionery  shop.  The  genealogy  of  the  family,  i 
raledictory  address.  A  card  manufactory.  Taste  of  the  macaroni,  Tht 
Mississippi  river.  A  spermaceti  candle.  Obesity  is  fatness.  A  solih»qu> 
13  a  speech  to  one's  self.     We  lament  his  apostasy.     Millinery  goods. 

10 — 12.  An  eligible  candidate.  An  accessible  spot.  An  inexhaustibl« 
spring.  Indelible  ink.  Man's  imprescriptible  rights.  Incontrovertible 
proofe.  Incompatible  with  safety.  Edible  roots.  An  irresistible  attack. 
All  are  fallible.  An  intrepid  girl.  A  turgid  style.  The  water  is  limpid 
and  gelid.     Rancid  butter.     His  flesh  is  flaccid.     The  fruit  is  insipid. 

13 — 15.  Arctic  ice.  A  scenic  display.  A  laconic  saying.  A  volcanio 
Eruption.  Didactic  poetry.  An  ecstatic  mood.  An  acrostic  on  Helen's 
Dame.  The  eclectic  is  a  chooser.  I  look  to  intrinsic,  not  extrinsic  worth. 
A  specific  for  your  spasmodic  cough.  An  aquatic  bird.  Mosaic  work. 
Arsenic  is  poison.     Organic  remains.     My  prognostic  proved  true. 

16 — 18.  A  codicil  to  a  will.  A  hostile  missile.  Febrile  symptoms.  A 
futile  attempt.  A  mercantile  library.  Juvenile  zeal.  The  bissextile  day. 
A  kitchen  utensil.  A  volatile  fluid.  Shun  evil.  A  weevil  in  the  wheat. 
A.  beryl  is  a  gem.  Vaccine  matter.  Sound  the  tocsin.  Bring  out  the 
engine.  White  as  ermine.  Rosin  the  bow.  Resin  exudes  from  the  tree. 
A  basin  of  water.     My  second  cousin.     A  fresh  raisin. 

19,  20.  A  verbatim  report.  A  clandestine  marriage.  Terrapin  soup. 
She  lost  her  moccasins.  The  harlequin  turned  a  Somerset.  An  alkaline 
powder.  An  alexandrine  verse.  Shun  the  libertine.  A  writ  of  replevin. 
Taste  the  metheglin.  A  ripe  nectarine.  Intestine  wars.  A  genuine  med- 
icine.    Honor  the  heroine. 

21 — 23.  Anise  seed.  Finis  is  the  Latin  for  end.  Orris  root.  We  have 
justice  gratis.  Put  down  the  chalice.  The  summer  solstice.  Trellis  work 
Keep  thy  promise.  Mortise  the  wood.  The  marquis  sat  on  a  dais.  The  earth 
turns  on  its  axis.  No  basis  for  the  slander.  A  crisis  in  our  affairs.  Charcoal 
dentifrice.  Licorice  root.  A  cicatrice  is  a  scar.  The  bad  apprentice  had 
an  accomplice.  An  interstice  between  the  planks.  A  stroke  of  paralysis. 
My  amanuensis  writes  as  I  dictate. 

24 — 28.  The  duelist  was  an  atheist.  An  active  horticulturist.  A  mor- 
alist and  a  humorist,  but  no  egotist.  A  granite  store.  The  preterit  tense. 
A  decrepit  oli  man.     No  respite  from  toil.     An  exquisite  tune.     Our  opp^- 

8* 


90  •  0   IN   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES 

Bite  neighbor.  A  massive  rock.  A  large  deficit.  He  made  affidavit  to  the 
fact.  The  substantive  or  noun.  The  composite  order  Strike  out  the 
expletive.     Not  positive,  but  privative. 

29 — 32.  An  adhesive  plaster.  The  possessive  case.  The  superlative 
degree.  An  inquisitive  girl.  Exercise  is  a  preventive  of  ill  health.  A 
provocative  of  appetite.  An  interrogative  mark.  I  am  apprehensive  that 
the  palliative  draught  will  do  no  good.  A  retentive  memory.  Choose  the 
alternative. 

33 — 35.  Abolish  the  custom.  Accomplish  thy  task.  A  skittish  colt 
The  lining  of  a  coat.  A  hireling  crew.  Boarding  and  lodging.  An 
inkling  of  success.  An  apple  dumpling.  Free  from  blemish.  Vanquish 
passion.  Cherish  the  poor.  Shoes  and  stockings.  The  callow  nestling. 
A  brilliant  wedding.  Without  spot  or  blemish.  They  brandish  their 
Bwords.  Burnish  the  silver.  A  churlish  refusal.  Publish  the  news.  A 
heap  of  rubbish.    Let  me  replenish  your  plate.     Varnish  the  paneL 

IV.    O  in  Unaccented  Syllables. 

Words  ending  in  om,  ome,  and  on,  in  which  o  has  an  easy 
and  obscure  sounds  inearly  resembling  that  of  short  u. 

1.  At'om,  be'som,  blos'som,  bot'tom,  bux'oin, 
cus'tom,  dtike'dom,  fa^A'om,  free'dom,  kingdom, 
ran'dom,  ransom,  seldom,  symp'tom,  transom, 
venom.  Dark'some,  loa^A'some,  lone'some,  tire'- 
some,  wel'come. 

2.  Ax'i-om,  cum'ber-some,  frol'ic-some,  id'i-om, 
martyr-dom,  mas'ter-dom. 

3.  Arson,  bi'son,  canton,  carbon,  cit'ron,  chal'- 
dron,  ci'on  (also  spelt  sci'on),  com'mon,  demon, 
dragon,  eb'on,  fel'on,  flagon,  gallon,  gam'mon, 
hc^r'on,  jargon,  lem'on,  mam'mon,  mel'on,  pennon, 
pis'ton,  rib'bon,  saffron,  ser  mon,  sam'mon,  sex'ton, 
tal'on,  ten' on,  wagon. 

In  a^pron  and  ^ron  the  sound  of  the  r  is  transposed,  aud  thcM 
rords  are  pronounced  as  if  a'purn^  ium. 


0   IN   UHACCENTEP    SYLLABLES*  91 

In  tae  following  words  the  o  before  final  n  is  unsounded. 

4.  Bacon,    bea'con,   beck' on,   bla'zon,    but'ton 
crim'son,  cot'ton,  dam'son,  deacon,  glut'ton,  lesson, 
mason,  mut'ton,  par  don,  parson,  person,  poi'son, 
prison,  rea'son,  reck'on,  sea'son,  trea'son,  weap'on 
Fen'fson. 

The  obscure  sound  of  the  o^  ntarly  reseiribling  that  of  u  shorty 
is  retained  in  the  last  syllable  of  the  following. 

5.  Ben'i-5on,  carri-on,  cham'pi-on,  cinna-monj 
clar'i'On,  garri-son,  hal'cy-on,  lex'i-con,  ofi-5on, 
scor  pi-on,  skel'e-ton,  sim'ple-ton. 

6.  A-bandon,  0-ri'on,  per-sim'mon.  —  Al-lu'vi- 
on,  ca-pari-son,  cen-tu'ri-on,  com-par'i-son,  cri- 
te'ri-on,  ob-liv'i-on.  Dan'de-li-on.  Di-a-pa'son, 
sem-i-co'lon. 

Words  in  which  o,  in  final  or  unaccented^  has  an  easy  sound 
of  e  in  her. 

7.  Act' or,  arbor,  ar dor,  armor,  candor,  cap'tor, 
cas'tor,  clam' or,  doc'tor,  do'lor,  do'nor,  error, 
fac'tor,  fa'vor,  fervor,  fla'vor,  harbor,  hec'tor,  hor 
ror,  juror,  labor,  major,  mayor,  mi'nor,  o'dor, 
pastor,  parlor,  proc'tor,  ra'zor,  rec'tor,  rig'or, 
ru'mor,  sa'vor,  sculp'tor,  sponsor,  suc'cor,  ta'bor, 
terror,  tenor,  torpor,  tre'mor,  tumor,  tutor, 
val'or,  va'por,  victor,  vig'or. 

8  An'ces-tor,  bach'e-lor,  chan  cel-lor,  cred'i-tor, 
ed'i-tor,  em'per-or,  gov'em-or,  me'te-or,  moni-tor 
of  a-tor,  sen'a-tor,  vis'i-tor. 

9.   A-bet'tor,  ag-gress'or,  as-sess'or,  coMecfot, 


92         O  IN  UNACCENTEI  SYLLABLES. 

con-duct  or,  con-fess'or,  con-tract'or,  cre-a'tor, 
cu-ra'tor  de-mean  or,  dic-ta'tor,  di-vi'5or,  e-lect'or 
en-am' or,  e-qua'tor,  im-pos'tor,  in-spect'or,  Id- 
struct'or,  in-vent'or,  nar-ra'tor,  op-press'or,  pre* 
cept'or,  pro-fess'or,  pro-ject'or,  spec-ta'tor,  suc- 
cess'or,  sur-vi'vor,  tes-ta'tor,  tor-ment'or,  trans- 
gress'or,  trans-la'tor. 

10.  Al'li-ga-tor,  ar'bi-tra-tor,  cal'cu-la-tor,  com'- 
men-ta-tor,  cul'ti-va-tor,  glad'i-a-tor,  im'i-ta-tor, 
in'sti-ga-tor,  me'di-a-tor,  mod'er-a-tor,  nav'i-ga-tor, 
nu'mer-a-tor,  per'se-cu-tor,  reg'u-la-tor,  spec'u- 
?a-tor,  ven  ti-la-tor. 

11.  Am-bas'sa-dor,  an-te'ri-or,  com-pet'i-tor, 
com-po5'i-tor,  con-trib'u-tor,  con-spir'a-tor,  de-po5'i- 
tor,  ex-po5'i-tor,  ex-te'ri-or,  in-fe'ri-or,  in-te'ri-or, 
in-qui^'i-tor,  pos-te'ri-or,  pro-^en'i-tor,  pro-pri'e-tor, 
su-pe'ri-or,  ul-te'ri-or. 

12.  Ben- e -factor,  co-ad-ju'tor,  in-ter-ces'sor, 
pred-e^ces'sor,  su-per-vi'5or.  —  Ad-min-is-tra'tor. 
Ca-lum'ni-a-tor. 

Words  ending  in  ony  and  ory,  in  which  o  has  an  easy  sound 
of  short  0  in  got ;  final  y  an  easy  sound  of  short  L 

13.  Ac'ri-mo-ny,  al'i-mo-ny,  anti-mo-ny,  c^r'e- 
mo-ny,  mat'ri-mo-ny,  par'si-mo-ny^  pat'ri-mo-ny, 
test'i-mo-ny. 

14.  Al'le-go-ry,  am'a-to-ry,  dil'a-to-ry,  dor'mi- 
to-ry,  ex'cre-to-ry,  in'ven-to-ry,  mi'gra-to-ry, 
fnon'i-to-ry,  nu'ga-to  ry,  prei'a-to-ry,  prefa-to-ry. 


0   IN   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES.  93 

prom'i3-so-ry,  prom'on-to-ry,  pur'ga-to-ry,  reper 
to-ry,  ter  ri-to-ry,  trans'i-to-ry,  vi' bra-to-ry. 

15.  Ex'pi-a-to-ry,  ju'di-ca-to-ry,  lab'o-ra-to-ry 
ob'li-ga-to-ry.  —  Con-serv'a-to-ry,  con-sora-to-ry 
de-pil'a-to-ry,  ob-5erv'a-to-ry,  pre-par'a-to-ry,  re 
pos'i-to-ry.  —  E-jac  u-la-to-ry.     In-ter-rog'a-to-ry 

Wards  ending  in  ot  unaccented,  in  which  o  has  an  obscule 
sound  Tiearly  resembling  that  ofn  in  but. 

16.  Ab'bot,  ballot,  fag'ot,  maggot,  pilot,  ri'ot, 
tar'bot.  —  Char'i-ot,  id'i-ot,  pa'tri-ot. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — S.  A  ohaldron  of  coal.  Four  quarts  make  a  gallon.  The  last  cion 
of  the  tree.  A  common  felon.  The  talon  of  a  bird.  A  tenon  is  the  end 
of  a  timber  filled  to  another.  The  crime  of  arson.  An  ebon  cloud.  The 
act  of  a  demon.  A  bad  symptom.  A  ribbon  for  my  apron.  An  iron 
flagon.     Andirons  for  the  hearth.     A  besom  is  a  broom.     A  herd  of  bisons. 

4 — 6.  Tough  bacon.  Blazon  his  worth.  A  crimson  tint.  My  champion 
had  no  weapon,  fialcyon  days.  The  garrison  holds  out.  A  faded  dande- 
lion. Make  a  semicolon.  A  persimmon  tree.  She  is  at  her  orisons. 
Venison  steaks.  A  benison  on  you  !  Caparison  the  steed.  The  plural  of 
criterion  is  criteria.    Abandon  him  to  oblivion. 

7 — 9.  A  donor  is  one  who  gives.  They  punish  the  transgressor.  Succor 
the  needy.  A  bachelor  of  arts.  The  testator  makes  a  wUl.  Assessors 
were  chosen.     A  dazzling  meteor.     An  instructor  of  the  poor.     My  tutor 

Decame  a  governor.    The  precursor  of  ruin.    Professor  H .     The  in 

ventor  was  no  impostor.     The  collector  of  the  port. 

10 — 12.  The  gladiator  was  slain.  My  ulterior  views.  The  coadjutor  of 
th«  ambassador.  The  conspirators  fled.  The  administrator  of  the  estate. 
An  administratrix  must  'be  a  female.  My  progenitors.  A  patent  venti- 
lator. The  compositor  sets  type.  My  predecessor  in  office.  Be  an  arbi- 
trator between  us.     No  instigator  of  mischief.    The  chief  inquisitor. 

13 — 16.  She  spoke  with  acrimony.  Alimony  was  granted  to  Iier  by  the 
court.  Prefatory  remarks.  An  inventory  of  my  goods.  Dilatory  boys. 
Predatory  attempts.  A  promissory  note.  This  transitory  life.  The  prom- 
ontory juts  into  the  sea.  A  repertory  of  good  sayings.  Did  yoa  put  an 
Interrogatory  7    An  ejaculatory  remark.    The  depilatory  spoiled  my  eye- 


94         V   IS   UNACCENTED  SVLLABLBS. 

brow.  Lay  it  before  the  judicatory.  A  toiled  turbot  They  vote  oy 
ballot  A  bundle  of  fagots.  Honor  Jie  patriot  Bring  out  the  chariot.  A 
flower  from  the  conservatcrv. 

V.   tJ  in  Pinal  Syllables  t  naccented 

Words  ending  in  urn  and  us  unaccented,  m  which  u  huis  an  eoj] 
sound  of  short  u,  as  in  us,  &c. 

1.  Arbum,  alum,  datum,  fo'rum,  furcrum. 
ISr'um,  lus'trum,  nos'trum,  oak'um,  quo'rum,  ros- 
trum, spectrum,  stratum,  vel'lum. 

2.  Cer'e-brum,    cra'ni-um,    laud'a-num,    maxi 
mum,    me'di-um,    min'i-mum,    o'di-um,    o'pi-um. 
pab'u-lum,     pendu-lum,     plat'i-num,     pre'mi-um 
spec'u-lum,  te'di-um,  vac'u-um,  tym'pa-num. 

3.  Ad-den' dum,  a-sylum,  co-nim'drum,  de-co- 
rum,  la-bur'num,  ly-ce'um,  mo-ment'um,  mu-5e'um 
o-pos'»um,  po-ma'tum,  ar-ca'num. 

4.  Al-lu  vi-um,  com-pend'i-um,  de-lir  i-um,  em 
po'ri-um,    en-co'mi-um,    eu-lo'^i-um,    ex-ordi-um 
ye-ra'ni-um,  mil-lenni-um,   op-pro'bri-um,   pal-la - 
di-um,  sen-so'ri-um,  stra-mo'ni-um. 

5.  Col-os-se'um,     in-ter-reg'num,    mem-o-ran 
dum.     E-qui-lib'ri-um.     De-sid-er-atum. 

6.  Bonus,  census,  circus,  cro'cus,  fo'cus, ^e'nus., 
gram'pus,  lo'tus,  nonplus,  rebus,  surplus. 

7.  Cal'a-mus,  ex'o-dus,  ^e'm-iis,  im'pe-tus,  in'-^ 
cu-bus,  mit'ti-mus,  nau'ti-lus,  nu  cle-us,  om'ni-bus, 
pol'y-pus,    ra'di-us,    stim'u-lus.  —  As-bes'tus,    hi 
a'tus,  i-am'bus,  man-da'mus,  nar-cis'sus,  pro-spoc'- 
tus,     pa-py'rus.  —  As-pSr'a-gus.       Ap-pa-ratua, 
ig-no-ramus,  sal-e-ratus. 


U   m   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES.  95 

Wards  in  which  on  in  final  syllables  has  an  easy  sou^  of  short  a, 

8.  Bulb'ous,  carious,  cum'brous,  dex'trous,  fa' 
mous,  fi'brous,  joy'ous,  leprous,  monstrous,  pi'ous, 
pomp'ous,  po'rous,  nervous,  right'eous  (pronounced 
ri'chus),  vis'cous  (pronounced  vis'kus), 

9.  Am'o-rous,  a'que-ous,  clam'or-ous,  co'pi-our^ 
de'vi-ous,  en'vi-ous,  friv'o-lous,  ^en'er-ous,  glo'ri- 
ous,  glut'ton-ous,  im'pi-ous,  infa-mous,  li'bel-ous, 
lig'ne-ous,  o'dor-ous,  om'i-nous,  on'er-ous,  peri- 
lous, pre'vi-ous,  pros'per-ous,  rav'en-ous,  ri'ot-ous, 
scan'dal-ous,  se'ri-ous,  tim'or-ous,  val'or-ous,  va'por- 
ous,  ven'om-ous,  viriain-ous,  vi'per-ous,  ru'in-ous, 
spuri-ous,  trai'tor-ous. 

10.  Dis-as'trous,  e-normous,  por-tent'ous,  sin- 
is'trous,  so-no'rous,  tre-men'dous. 

11.  Ab-ste'mi-ous,    am-big'u-ous,    a-nal'o-gous 
a-nom'a-lous,'  a-nony-mous,    car-nivo-rous,    cen 
sori-ous,  com-mo'di-ous,  er-ro'ne-ous,  fe-lo'ni-ous 
^e-lat'i-nous,   gre-ga'ri-ous,   il-lus'tri-ous,   im-per 
vi-ous,    in-dec'o-rous,    in-dus'tri-ous,    in-ju'ri-ous^ 
in-vid'i-ous,  le-gumi-nous,  lu-gubri-ous,  mel-lif- 
lu-ous,    mag-nan'i-mous,    ne-fa'ri-ous,   ob-strep'er- 
ous,  op-pro'bri-ous,   pre-cari-ous,   pre-pos'ter-ous, 
Bu-per'flu-ous. 

12.  Ac-ri-moni-ous,  cer-e-mo'ni-ous,  dcl-e-te'- 
ri-ous,  gram-in-iv'o-rous,  ho-mo-^e  ne-ous,  in-stan- 
ta'ne-ous,  mis-cel-la'ne-ous,  par-si-mo  ni-ous,  pu- 
sil  lan'i-mous,  sanc-ti-mo'ni-ous,  si-mul-ta'ne-ous 
—  Ex-tem-p3-ra'ne-ous,  het-e-ro-^e'ne-ous. 


M  U   IN   UNACCENTED    SYLLABLES. 

Wot  lis  in  which  wcejlnal  and  unaccented  has  the  sound  of  yta 
rhyming  vnth  her,  but  enouTiced  tvithout  stress. 

13.  Capture,  cincture,  creature,  culture,  fail' 
lire,  feature,    fig'ure,    fixture,   flexure,   fracture, 
future,  gesture,  jointure,  juncture,  lecture,  mixt'- 
ure,  moist'ure,  nature,  nurt'ure. 

14.  Ord'ure,  pasture,  pict'ure,  pasture,  punct'- 
ure,  rapture,  rupture,  scripture,  sculpture,  stat'- 
ure,  stricture,  structure,  tenure,  texture,  tinct'- 
ure,  torture,  venture,  verdure,  vest'urg,  \iilt'ure. 

15.  Ad-vent'ure,  con-ject'ure,  de-bent'ure,  de 
part'ure,  im-post'ure,  in-dent'ure,  pro-ced'ure.  — 
Man-u-fact'ure,  per-ad- venture,  su-per-struct'ure 
Ag'ri-cult-ure,  hor  ti-cult-ure.     No'men-cla-ture. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — 4.  A  lustrum  is  a  space  of  five  years.  Write  in  my  album.  A 
quorum  not  being  present,  the  house  adjourned.  The  plural  of  datum  ia 
data  ;  of  stratum,  strata ;  of  arcanum,  arcana  ;  of  addendum,  addenda. 
Pomatum  for  the  hair.  A  state  of  delirium.  A  compendium  of  the  new& 
From  the  musfium  we  went  to  the  lycfium. 

6 — 7.  I  made  some  memoranda  in  my  memorandum  book.  The  ColoB 
Beum  yet  stands.  A  correct  census  is  a  desideratum.  Other  desiderate 
aie  well-ventilated  omnibuses  and  clean  streets.  A  surplus  crop,  h 
ci ecus  in  bloom.  The  plural  of  stimulus  is  s/imw/t.  A  nucleiis,  or  kernel. 
A  prospectus  of  our  plan.  An  asparagus  bed.  Asbestus  is  often  spell 
asbestos.  Put  no  saleratus  in  the  bread.  A  hiatus,  or  gap.  The  judge 
issued  a  mittimus.    That  was  indeed  a  nonplus.    A  tremendous  storm. 

8 — 10  A  viscous  fluid.  A  callous  hand.  A  leprous  complaint.  A 
righteous  judgment.  A  cumbrous  bundle.  The  previous  question.  A 
libelous  charge  ;  villainous,  viperous,  and  mischievous.  Copious  rains. 
An  onerous  task.    Ligneous  deposits. 

11,  12.  Disastrous  shipwrecks.  Nefarious  frauds.  Obstreperous  hilar 
{ty.  Preposterous  conduct  A  superfluous  apology.  Abstemious  diet 
Was  the  animal  carnivorous  or  graminivorous  ?  A  pusillanimous  assailant 
An  anomalous  word.    A  hat  impervious  to  rain.    Greicarioufl  auim&ls. 


BOUNDS    Of    F,    G   HARD,    J,    K.  97 

CONSONANT    SOUNDS    AND    SUBSTITUTES. 

I.    Sounds  of  F,  G  hard,   J,  K. 

Words  in  ickich  p  aiid  ph  have  the  sound  of  t 

1.  Lymph,  nymph,  pha^e,  phiz,  phrase,  sphere, 
aphinx,  sylph. —  Ca'liph, cam'phor, ci'pher,  dauphin, 
diph'thong,*  dolphin,  cph'od,  graph'ic,  hyphen, 
neph'cWjf  orphan,  pam'phlct,  phalanx,  phantom, 
pharos,  pho'nix,  pheasant. 

2.  Phil'tcr,  phyi'ic,  proph'efc,  sapphic  (pro- 
nounced saf'fik),  sap'phire  (pronounced  saf'fJre), 
seraph,  si'phon, soph'ist,  spheric,  sul'phute,  sulphur, 
trij  h'thong,  tri'umph,  tro'phy,  ty'phus,  zephyr, 
phonic. 

3.  Al'pha-bet,  aph'or-ism,  at'mos-phere,  at'ro- 
phy,  hlas'phe-my,  el'e-phant,  em'pha-sis,  ep'i-taph, 
eu'pho-ny,  hem'js-phere,  lith'o-graph,  met'a-phor, 
nc o-phytc,  oph'thal-my,  par'a-phra^e,  para-graph, 
pha'e-ton,  phos'pho-ms,  phar'ma-cy,  proph'e-cy, 
proph'e-sy  (when  a  verb),  soph'is-try,  soph'o-more, 
spher'i-cal,  sul'phur-ous,  syc'o-phant,  sym'pho-ny, 
tel  e-graph,  zo'o-phyte. 

4.  As-phal'tic,  de-ci'pher,  em-phat'ic,  lym- 
phat'ic,  me-phit'ic,  phleg-mat'ic,  pho-net'ic,  pro- 
phet'ic,  tri-um'phant. 

5.  A-ceph'a-lous,   am-phib'i-ous,  a-poc'ry-phal, 

*  In  diph'Cmng,  triph'thon</,a.n(l  o^th'thal-my,  Walker  gives  tho  ph  the  souQcl  of 
p;  but  this  mode  leads  many  persons  to  misspell  the  words,  bj  omitting  the  h 
After  p.     "We  have  given  Webster's  mode. 

+  Pronooncod  nev'ew  by  Walker. 

9 


98  BOUNDS    OF    F,    G    E2RD,    J,    K. 

a-pos  tro-phe,  bi-ogra-phy,  ca-lig  ra-phy,  ca-W- 
tro-phe,  co5-mog'ra-phy ,  di-aph'a-noas,  e-ph^m  e-ral 
e-piph  a-ny,  ^e-og'ra-phy,  or-thog'ra-phy,  pe-riph'- 
ra-sis,  phe-nom'e-non,  phle-bot'o-my,  phi-lan- 
thro-py,  phi-loro-(7y,  phi-los'o-pher,  phy-lac'ter-y 
Bar-coph'a-gus,  ste-nog'ra-phy,  to-pog'ra-phy,  ty- 
pog'ra-phy. 

6.  Met-a-phy^'ics,  phos-pho-res'cent.  Am-phi- 
the'a-ter,  hy-dro-pho'bi-a,  lex-i-cog'ra-phy,  met-a- 
mor'pho-sis,  phy5-i-og'no-my.     Par-a-pher-na'li-a. 

(xh  has  the  sound  of/  in  chough^  cough^  draughty  laugh^  roughs 
raughy  emxnigh.  These  words  have  been  already  introduced  undex 
their  appropriate  vowel  sounds. 

Wcnrds  in  which  g  hefofre  e,  i,  or  j,  has  its  hard  souTid^  as  in  bag. 

7.  Gear,  geese,  get,  gift,  gig,  gild,  gilb,  gimp, 
gird,  girl,  girth,  give.     Be-gin . 

8.  Auger,  buggy,  craggy,  dagger,  drugget, 
druggist,  eager,  flogging,  fog gy,  gew'gaw,  gib'ber, 
gib'bous,  giggle,  gig'let,  gizzard,  gim'let,  gingham, 
gir die,  leg'gin,  muggy,  rugged,  scraggy,  sluggish, 
soggy,  stagger,  swagger,  target,  tiger,  trig'ger, 
wag'gish. —  Gib'ber-ish,  logger-head,  wag'ger-y. — 
Pet'ti-fog-ger. 

Words  in  which  x  Jias  the  sound  of  ^^  as  in  ex-isf ,  pronounced 

egz-ist'. 

9.  Ex-ile',    ex-act,    ex-alt,    ex-empt,    ex-ert, 
ex-hale,  ex-haust,  ex-hort,  ex-ist,   ex-ult.  —  Ex- 
amine, ex-am' pie,  ex-em  plar,  ex-er'tion,  ex  hib'it 
ex-ist'ence,  ex-ot'i:^. 


BOUNDS    OF   F,    G   HARD,    J,    E,-  99 

10     Anx-i'e-ty,  aux-il'ia-ry,  ex-a/^er-ate,  cx- 
as'per-ate,  ex-ec'u-tive,  ex-ec'u-trix,  ex-em' pli-f} 
ex-hil'a-rate,    ex-on'er-ate,    ex-or'bi-tant,    ex-or- 
fli-um,  ex  uber-ant,  lux-u'ri-ant. 

Words  in  which  g  before  e  or  i,  at  the  end  of  an  accented  syl 
laMcy  has  the  soiaid  of'}. 

11.  Ag'ile,*  dig'it,  frag'ile,  frigid,  logic,  magic, 
pig'eoii,  rigid,  tragic,  vigil.  —  Ag'i-tate,  cog'i-tate, 
leg'i-ble,  f drg'er-y,  leg'is-latc,  log'i-cal,  mag'is-trate, 
flag'go-let,  flag'el-late,  prog'e-ny,  reg'i-cide,  regi- 
men, reg'i-ment,  reg'is-ter,  veg'e-tate,  vig^i-lant. 
Li-tig'ious,  pro-dig'ious,  re-lig'ious. 

12.  Leg'is-la-tive,  leg'is-la-ture,  mag'is-tra-cy, 
veg'e-ta-tive.  Bel-lig'er-ent,  ex- agger- ate,  ex-eg- 
e-sis,  im-ag'in-ing,  in-dig'e-nous,  o-rig'i-nal,  re- 
frig'er-ate.  —  Cog-i-ta'tion,  leg-is-la'tion,  reg-i- 
ment'al.  —  Leg-er-de-main . 

13.  Ab-o-rig'i-nal,  ab-o-rig'i-nes,  an-a-log'i-cal, 
car-ti-lag'i-nous,  (/e-o-log'i-cal,  mu-ci-lag'i-nous, 
o-le-ag'i-nous,  phil-o-log'i-cal,  phre-no-log'i-cal, 
Bag-it-ta'ri-us,  tau-to-log'i-cal,  the-o-log'i-cal,  zo-o- 
log'i-cal.  —  Gen-e-a-log'i-cal.    Me-te-or-o-log  i-cal. 

Words  i7i  which  ge  arid  gi  have  the  sound  of]. 

14.  Bludgeon,  bourgeon,  dudgeon,  dungeon, 
gorgeous,  gudgeon,  surgeon,  sturgeon.  Legion, 
region.       Pageant.       Con-ta'gion,     cour-a'geous, 

♦These  words  being  classified  in  reference  to  the  soft  sound  of  g,  the  itaJi- 
lizing  (f  that  letter,  as  in  other  instances  where  it  has  the  sound  of  j  in  tr  U 
rolmnei,  is  here  dispensed  with. 


100  "SOUNDS    OF   P,    a   HARD,    J,    K. 

con-ta  giou'j,  cur-mud'gcon,  c-gre'gious,  out-ra'geous. 
-  Ad-van-ta'gcous,  sac-ri-le'gious. 

Wo7'ds  ill  ickich  ch  has  the  smaid  ofk, 

WTicn  archf  signifying  chief,  begins  a  word  from  the  Greek  lan- 
guage, and  is  followed  by  a  vowel,  it  is  pronounced  ark,  as  id 
arch'ive,  Sic. ;  but  when  arch  is  prefixed  to  a  word  of  French  oi 
Saxon  origin,  it  is  pronounced  to  rhyme  with  viarch  ;  as  in  arcA- 
bishop,  arch-Jic7id,  &c. 

15.  Ache,  cha^m,  chord,  chrome,  chyle,  conch, 
scheme,  school,  loch,  chrism.  —  Anarch,  anchor, 
arch'ives,  cha'os,  chem'ist,  chlo'rme,  chol'er,  cho'rus, 
chronic,  distich,  drach'ma,  ech'o,  epoch,  lich'en, 
mech'lin,  monarch,  orchis,  paschal,  sched'ule, 
schirrus,  pi'broch,  scholar,  schooner,  stomach, 
strych'nine,  sumach,  te'trarch,  tro'chee,  cho'ral, 
mas'tich. 

16.  Al'che-mist,  al'che-my,  an'chor-a//e,  ancho- 
ret, anar-chy,  ar'che-type,  ar'chi-tect,  ar'chi-trave, 
bac'cha-nal,  bron'chi-al,  cat'e-chism,  cat'c-chTse, 
cham'o-mile,  charac-ter,  chem'ist-ry,  chlo'rorform, 
chol'er-a,  chor  is-ter,  chron'i-cle,  chrys'a-lis,  chrys' 
o-lite,  eu'cha-rist,  harp'si-chord,  hcp'tar-chy. 

17.^ni'e-rarch,  incho-ate,  lach'ry-mal,  lach'ry- 
mOse,  mach'i-nate,  mech'a-nism,  mich'ael-mas, 
or'ches-tra,  pa'tri-arch,  pen'ta-teuch,  sac'cha-rme, 
sep'ul-cher,  synchro-nism,  tech'ni-cal,  hem'i-stich. 
—  Arch-an'r/el,  cha-ot'ic,  chi-me'ra,  chro-mat'ic, 
me-chan'ic,  scho-las'tic,  se-pul'chral.   Mel'an-chol-y 

18.  An-ach'ro-nism,  chal-ced'o-ny,  cha-lyb'e- 
ate,  cha-me'le-on,  chi-mSri-cal,  chi-rur'^o-ry,  clii- 


SOUNDS    OP   F,    G  HARD,    J,    K.  10] 

rog'ra-plij,  chro-noro-^y,  chro-nom'e-ter,  pa-ro 
ohi  -al,  psy-choYo-gy,  syn-ec  do-che,  me-chan'i-cal 
—  Ar-choe-oro-^y,  ar-chl-pcra-go.  Char-ac-tei 
IS  tic,  mc-temp-sy-cho'sis. 

Words  in  which  q  /las  the  sound  of  k,  aiid  the  foUovnng  a  «* 
itnsoiaidcd. 

10.  Co7z'f[ucr,  lacquer,  liquor,  piq'uant. — 
Co-quettc',  xn-f|uet,  qua-drillc.  —  Ex-chcq'ucr,  mos- 
qui'to.  —  Et-i-quctte',  mas-qucr-adc,  pal-an-quin, 
par-o-quet. 

Words  in  which  que  lias  the  sauivl  of  k. 

VTlicre  i  occura  before  q  in  tlio  following  words,  it  has  the  aound 
of  e  long.   In  hough  (hok)  gh  has  the  sound  of  A:. 

20.  Pique.      An-tique',      cri-tique,      ob-lique, 
o-paque,  u-nique.     Bur-lesque',  gro-tesque.     Stat 
a-esque'. 

Words  in  which  q  ending  a  syllalle  has  the  satc7id  of  k,  aTtd  tht 
following  u  the  sound,  of  w. 

21.  Aq'ue-duct,  aq'ui-line,  eq'ui-pa/jrc,  cq'ui-ty. 
liq'uid-ate,  liq'ue-fy,  req'ui-sTte.  —  An-tiq'ui-ty, 
in-iq'ui-ty,  ob-liq'ui-ty,  u-biq'ui-ty. 

DICTATION  AND   WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1 — 3.  The  nymph  had  a  sylph-like  form.  iMv  orphan  nephew  shat  a 
pheasant.  A  dying  dolphin.  A  graphic-description.  A  pharos  or  light- 
hDuse.  The  sphinx's  riddle.  A  pure  atmosphere.  Alphabet  is  from  the 
first  two  letters  of  the  Greek  alphabet,  alpha  ami  bda.  He  drove  a  phaeton 
A  paraphrase  of  a  poem.  They  formed  a  plialanx.  The  sophomore  class- 
A  strange  metaphor.  An  improper  diphthong.  Ilced  the  emphasis.  1 
prophesy  that  you  will  fail.     Your  prophecy  will  fail. 

4 — G.  A  phlegmatic  temper.  A  mephitio  odor.  An  amphibious  animal 
The  apocryphal  books.    Say  tin  pbsnomenon,  Viese  phencnena  ;  never  ow 

9* 


102  SOUNDS   OF   P,    a   HARD,    J,    K. 

the  last  word  as  in  the  singular  number.  We  sound  the  g  in  physiognomy.  A 
phosphorescent  light.  Topography  is  a  description  of  places.  Typography 
is  the  art  of  printing.  A  diaphanous  complexion.  John''s  book :  —  point  tc 
the  apostrophe  ;  the  col-^n  ;  the  semicolon  ;  the  dash.  A  metamorphosis, 
or  change  of  shape.  A  sarcophagus  is  a  sort  of  stone  cofl&n.  What  a 
catastrophe  !  Philology  has  reference  to  the  study  of  languages.  Phl» 
botomy  is  the  art  of  blood-letting. 

7 — 10.  Gimp  is  a  kind  of  silk  twist.  Give  me  the  gimlet.  lie  talkl 
gibberish.  The  moon  has  a  gibbous  appearance.  They  giggle  and  gibber. 
An  executive  officer.  An  auxiliary  verb.  We  sound  the  h  in  exhort,  exhaust, 
exhibit,  exhilarate.  An  exotic  plant.  An  exuberant  growth.  Your  anxi- 
ety exaggerates  the  danger.  An  exorbitant  price.  The  gills  of  a  fish.  An 
exordium,  or  introduction.  Examine  the  target.  Exempt  from  danger 
Do  not  exasperate  her. 

11 — 14.  An  agile  dancer.  A  maglj  lantern.  A  litigious  magistrate. 
Play  on  the  flageolet.  The  legislature  is  in  session.  A  carrier  pigeon. 
Meteorological  observations.  Phrenological  developments.  A  prodigious 
student.  A  sacrilegious  theft.  A  courageous  surgeon.  A  noble  pageant 
A  tautological  epithet.  The  zoological  gardens.  An  advantageous  arrange- 
ment. Dark  as  a  dungeon.  The  trees  bourgeon  (pronounced  6uryun).  The 
American  aborigines.     Indigenous  to  the  soil. 

15 — 17.  Pick  up  the  conch.  Chyle  is  formed  in  the  stomach.  Repeat 
the  distich  ;  also  the  hemistich.  A  bronchial  complaint.  The  archives 
of  the  state.  Catechise  the  architect.  Tread  on  the  chamomile.  Strychnine 
is  poison.  An  epoch  in  our  history.  Mastich  or  mastic.  A  schedule  of 
jay  losses.  IMichaelmas  day.  A  melancholy,  lachrymose  tragedy.  A  per- 
fect chrysolite.  A  book  on  chemistry.  The  architrave  of  the  edifice.  A 
safe  anchorage.  An  inchoate  habit.  The  patriarch  of  the  pcntateuch. 
Technical  words.  Lichen  from  the  rock.  Mechlin  lace.  A  fast  schooner. 
The  dentist  administered  chloroform. 

18.  A  parochial  visit.  The  chronometer  keeps  good  time.  That  date  is 
an  anachronism.  The  Archipelago  is  between  Greece  and  Asia  Minor.  A 
ehalybeate  spring.  Fair  chirography.  The  hues  of  the  chameleon.  A 
'Jiaracteristic  act.  (Remember  that  ch  has  its  sound  of  tsh,  as  in  vmcht 
tarch,  &c.,  in  words  like  the  following :  arch-bishop,  arch-deacon,  arch- 
\ke,  arch-enemy,  arch-fiend,  &c.)  Chalcedony  is  a  silicious  stone.  A 
^imerical  scheme.     Chronology  treats  of  the  dates  of  events. 

19 — 21.  A  statuesque  posture.  A  grotesque  gesture.  You  pique  her 
niriosity.  A  critique  on  her  style.  An  aquiline  nose.  The  Croton  aquo- 
luct  Liquidate  the  bill.  A  splendid  equipage.  An  antique  gem.  The 
•ower  of  ubiquity.  The  requisite  amount.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 
k  frivolous  coquette.  A  piquant  story.  A  mosquito-bar.  Etiquette  at  • 
loasquerade.     Lacquer  the  box. 


SOUNDS   OF   L,    M,   NG,    8.  108 

n.    Sounds  of  L.  M,  NO,  S. 

Wryrds  e?iding  tvith  the  sound  of  1 ;  final  e  unsounded. 

The  addition  of  (i  or  of  s  to  any  of  these  words  leaves  the  e  of 
the  last  syllable  still  unsounded.  Should  a  final  s  be  added,  it 
takes  the  sound  of  z. 

1.  A'ble,  ad'dle,  am'ble,  apple,  axle,  bab'ble, 
bat'tle,  bot'tle,  bram'ble,  bub'ble,  buckle,  bundle, 
ca'ble,  cackle,  can'dle,  cat'tle,  cra'dle,  crip'ple, 
crum'ble,  curdle,  daz'zle,  dwindle,  fable,  fid' die, 
fum'ble,  gable,  gentle,  girdle,  grapple,  grid' die, 
gur gle,  i'dle,  handle,  joggle. 

2.  Kindle,  la'dle,  lit'tle,  mantle,  ma  pie,  med'dle, 
muffle,  net' tie,  nib'ble,  nim'ble,  noz'zle,  o'gle,  pad' die, 
ped'dle,  pick'le,  pud'dle,  purple,  quid'dle,  raffle, 
ram'blc,  rat' tie,  rid'dle,  ri'fle,  rip'ple,  sample, 
scram'ble,  scrib'ble,  scru'ple,  scuffle,  scut'tle,  set' tie, 
shack'le,  shut' tie,  smuggle. 

3.  Sparkle,  speckle,  sta'ble,  star' tie,  sti'fle, 
stopple,  strad'dlo,  strag gle,  supple,  swindle,  ta ble, 
tack'le,  tat' tie,  tem'ple,  thim'ble,  throt'tle,  tick'le, 
ti'tle,  tit'tle,  tram'ple,  treb'le,  trem'ble,  trick'le, 
trip'le,  tum'ble,  turtle,  tus'sle,  whee'dlo,  whiffle, 
whit' tie. 

4.  Ar'ti-cle,  bar'ni  cle,  bin'na-cle,  edl-ble. 
flex'i-ble,  i'ci-cle,  mana-cle,  mul'ti-ple,  ob'sta-cle, 
or  a-cle,  par'ti-cle,  pinna  cle,  pos'si-ble,  pre'am-ble, 
fis'i-ble,  sensl-ble,  spec'ta-cle,  sol'u-ble,  tan'c/i-ble, 
tu'ber-cle,  ve'hi-cle,  vend'i-ble,  ven'tri-cle,  vesl-cle. 

6.   As-seml}le,  dis-ci'ple,    em-bez'zle,   en  a'ble, 


104  SOUNDS   OF   L,    M,    NO,    B. 

en-fee'blc,  rc-scm'ble.     Tab'cr-na-cle,  parti-ci-ple 

Con-ven'ti-cle. 

6.  Apples,  cables,  dim'ples,  pick'les,  tables. 
Bri'dletl,  crippled,  kindled,  rat'tled,  tram'pled, 
whit'tled. 

Words  endirid  with  m  after  a  cansmiant. 

\\Tierc  s  occurs  before  final  7«  in  these  words,  it  has  the  sound 
of  z  in  gaze.  Let  the  pure  consonant  sound  of  the  m  be  given. 
Do  not  say  cVtuiiy  hel'uniy  &c. 

7.  Elm,  helm,  prism,  rhythm,  spasm,  Avhelm.  — 
Bap'tism, sarcasm, truism. —  An'gli-cism,  a'the-ism, 
bar'ba-rism,  crit'i-cism,  des'po-tism,  e'go-tism,  ex'- 
or-cism,  gal'va-nism,  hea'/Acn-ism,  her'o-ism,  ju'da- 
ism,  log'a-rithm. 

8.  Mag'nc-tism,  os'tra-cism,   ma'cro-cosm,   mi'- 
cro-cosm,  mys'ti-cism,  nep'o-tism,  pa'gan-ism,  pan- 
the-ism,  par'ox-ysm,  plc'o-nasm,  pu'^i-lism,  skep' 
ti-cism,  sole-cism,  sto'i-cism,  syl'lo-^ism,  van'dal-ism, 
wit'ti-cism,  A-ul'gar-ism. 

9.  Lib'cr-ti-nism,  pa'tri-ot-ism,  plaV/i-a-rism, 
pol'y-tlie-ism,  prot'es-tant-ism,  pu'ri-tan-ism.  — 
An-tag'o-nism,  ca-thol'i-cism,  cm-pir'i-cism,  cn-thu- 
si-asm,  fa-nat'i-cism,  som-nam'bu-lism,  ven-tiir« 
o-quism. 

Words  i7i  which  n  before  g  has  the  sound  of  ng  in  thing,  arj.  iht 
g  lias  its  Jiard  soioul,  as  in  bag. 

In  the  following  words  tlie  sound  of  g  hard  goes  to  the  siibsoqiicnt 
Byllable,  while  the  elementary  sound  ng  is  represented  by  thcsubati* 
lute  n  in  the  preceding  syllable. 

10.  An'ger,  angle,  bungle,  clangor,  congress, 


SOUNDS    OF   L,    M,    NO,    S.  106 

dan'gle,  finger,  fungus,  gangrene,  hunger,  in'gle, 
ingot,  jan'gle,  jingle,  linger,  longer,  mangle, 
mango,  mingle,  shingle,  single,  spangle,  tanglo, 
tingle,  younger.     Sy-rin ga. 

Words  in  which  n  before  the  sound  of  k  {whether  represented  by 
k,  c,  or  q),  also  before  g  hard,  has  the  sound  ofug. 

11.  Ankle,  concord,  concourse,  con'quest, 
conquer,  tranquil.  De-linquent,  dis-tin'guish^ 
dis-tinct'ly,  e-longate,  ex-tin'guish,  re-lin'quish 

Words  in  which  c  before  c  or  i,  and  ending  a  syllable,  has  the 
sound  of  a  in  sin. 

12.  Ac'id,  docile,  fac'et,  fac He,  plac'id,  process, 
tac'it.  Decl-mal,  decl-mate,  lac'er-ate,  mac'er-ate, 
pac'i-fy,  prec'e-dent,  prec'i-pice,  rec'i-pe,  spec'i-fy, 
spec'i-men,  tac'i-turn,  vac'il-late,  vic'in-a^e.  — 
E-lic'it,  ex-plic'it,  il-lic'it,  im-plic'it,  in-doc'ile, 
BO-lic'it.  —  Nec'es-sa-ry.     Sac-er-do'tal. 

13.  An-tic'i-pate,  a-troc'i-ty,  au-dac'-ity,  ca- 
pac'i-ty,  com-plic'i-ty,  du-plic'ity,  ex-ac'er-bate . 
fe-lic'i-ty,  fe-roc'i-ty,  lo-quac'i-ty,  me-dici-nal. 
men-dac'i-ty,  men-dic'i-ty,  mu-nic'i-pal,  o^pac'i-ty, 
par-tic'i-pate,  pub-lic'i-ty,  ra-pac'ity,  rM-noc'e-ros, 
rus-tic'i-ty,  sa-gac'i-ty,  sim-plic'i-ty,  so-lic'i-tor, 
so-lic'i-ttide,  ve-loc'i-pede,  ve-loc'i-ty,  ve-rac'i-ty, 
vi-vac'i-ty,  vo-rac'i-ty.     Un-prec'e-dent-ed. 

14.  Au-then-tic'i-ty,  du-o-dec'i-mo,  e-las-tic'i 
ty,  ec-cen-tric'i-ty,  e-leo-tric'i-ty,  mul-ti-plic'i-ty 
per-spi-cac'i-ty,  per-ti-nac'i-ty,  rec-iproo'i  ty. 


<U6  SOUNDS   OF   L,    M,    NO,    S. 

The  following  words,  compounclcd  with  dis,  a  Latin  prefix  sig 
nifying  disjunction,  2i7idai?ir/,  &c.,  arc  spelled  with  double  s 

15.  Dis-scct',  (lis-scnt,  dis-suaJe.  Dis'si-dent, 
dis'si-patc,  dis'so-lute,  dis'so-nant.  Dis-sem'blo, 
dis-sen'sion,  dis-sent'cr,  dis-scv'cr.  Dis-sat'is- fy, 
dis-sem'i-natc,  dis-sim'i-lar,  dis-syl'la-blc.  Dis-S€i- 
ta'tion.     Dis-sim-u-la'tion. 

Words  in  which  c  and  sc  have  the  sotind  of  s  in  sin. 

16.  Crps'cent,  mus'clc,  viscid.  Scin'til-lrtto 
:5ci'cncc,  scis'sor5.  Ar'bus-cic,  fas'ci-nate,  mis'ci-blc, 
Bus'ci-tatc,  vis'ce-ral.  Mis'cel-la-ny.  Ac-qui-esce', 
co-a-lcsce,  cf-fcr-vescc,  ef-flo-rcscc. 

17.  As-cct'ic,  ex-cres'cencc,  pro-bos'cis,  pu-tres'- 
cence,  qui-cs'ccnce,  tran-scend'cnt.  Ac-qui-cs'* 
cence,  ad-o-les'cent,  con-va-les  cence,  cf-fer-vcs'cent, 
rem-i-nis'cence.    De-scend'.     De-scend'  ant. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — 5.  The  «ixle-trco  broke.  A  buckle  for  my  belt.  The  bubble  burst 
Mend  the  whifflc-trec  of  the  vehicle.  This  gum  is  soluble.  To  manacle  is 
to  shackle.  The  belovc<l  disciple.  A  particle  of  dust.  A  light  in  the  bin- 
nacle. AVhy  all  this  preamble?  A u  edible  fruit.  My  risible  faculties.  A 
tangible  icicle.  A  barnacle  on  the  ship.  A  flexible  cane.  Twelve  is  a 
multiple  of  three.  AVc  stootl  on  the  pinnacle.  The  nozzle  of  the  bellows.  A 
eilver  thimble.  A  supple  figure,  lie  tried  to  embezzle  funds  intrusted  to 
him.     The  conventicle  is  in  session. 

G— 8.  The  pilot  at  the  helm.  The  rhythm  of  the  verse.  She  showeJ 
heroism  in  the  act.  His  enthusiasm  is  much  like  fanaticism.  A  cruel  sar- 
casm. Macrocosm,  the  gi-cat  or  whole  world,  is  in  contradistinction  to  the 
microcosm,  or  little  world  of  man.  A  paroxysm  of  grief.  A  soleci.sm  or 
iir.propriety.  Polythcisn^  is  a  belief  in  a  plurality  of  gods.  A  pleonasm  is 
a  re<lundant  cxpi-cssiou  in  speaking  or  writing.  Skepticism  is  doubt  on 
any  subject. 

<)  3  0.   A  snrained  ankle     Relinquish  your  hold.    She  spoke  io  ang«r     A 


SOUNP   OB   6H   m   SHINE  ^       107 

i^inga  bush.  A  mushroom  is  a  fungus.  An  ingot  Is  a  wedge  of  gold  oj 
silver.  The  younger  delinquent.  Shingle  the  roof.  A  concourse  of  peopla 
I  lieard  hiiu  distinctly.  Elongate  the  belt  His  conquest  was  complete.  lis 
lame,  he  saw ,  he  conquered.  Do  not  languish  in  my  absence.  Linger  not 
My  finger  tingles.     The  clangor  of  arms. 

11,  12.  A  dov.ik  learner.  An  acid  plum.  The  focets  of  a  prism.  A 
pUci  I  temper.  Yo.i  gave  a  tacit  consent.  A  new  process  of  making  paper. 
Here  is  a  specimen.  Unprecedented  voracity.  Try  the  velocipede.  It 
moves  with  velocity.  Her  loquacity  is  tedious.  You  exacerbate  her  anger 
His  complicity  was  proved.  I  said  mendicity,  not  mendacity.  A  municipal 
court  Elicit  the  truth.  An  illicit  traffic.  A  sacerdotal  robe.  A  doubtful 
precedent.  A  necessary  expense.  Why  so  taciturn  ?  Macerate  me  berries. 
He  will  dac'mate  the  prisoners.  An  explicit  demand.  A  medicinal  quality. 
Participate  in  my  joy.  A  recipe  from  the  physician.  Give  publicity  to 
the  report. 

13 — 15.  A  duodecimo  volume.  I  doubt  its  authenticity.  A  reciprocity 
treaty.  An  amusing  miscellany.  A  postscript  to  the  letter.  A  lady  of 
transcendent  beauty.  My  reminiscence  accords  with  yours.  I  am  di.*sat- 
isfied  with  your  dissen.sions.  A  dissipated  and  dissolute  fellow.  They  dis- 
seminate mischief  Dissimilar  tempers.  Never  dissemble.  The  dissenters 
met.  Dissect  is  a  dis3yllable.  Dissuade  her  from  indulging  in  such  dissen- 
sions. A  dissonant  tone.  Dissever  the  tie.  Dissimulation  is  a  disgrace. 
He  read  a  dissertation. 

10,  17.  The  liqrJd  will  cfFervesce.  A  viscid  mixture.  His  perspicacity 
led  him  to  anticipate  the  result.  An  arbuscle,  or  dwarf  tree.  A  visceral 
complaint.  -Rely  on  my  acquiescence.  His  proboscis  formed  a  singular 
excrescence.  Ascetic  habits.  May  his  convalescence  be  speedy.  Adole.*- 
xmce  is  the  age  bet^reen  childhood  and  manhood. 

III.    The  Sound  of  SH  in  Shine. 

The  digraph  en,  when  pronounced  tsh,  indicates  a  purely  EngHsb 
word  ;  as  chiM,  each  :  pronounced  as  sh,  it  implies  that  the  word 
U  lioni  the  French  ;  as  chaise,  chayrin :  and  pronounced  as  Ar,  as 
ill  Monarchy  it  implies  that  the  word  is  from  the  Greek. 

Words  in  which  ch  has  the  sound  of  sh.  in  sldnc. 

1.  Chauo.  Stanchion,  truncheon.  Char  la -tan, 
chov'er-il,  chiv'al-ry,  mar'ch/on-ess,  par'a-chute, 
Benes-chal  — Cha-radc,     cha-grin,    cham-pa/7ne 


108  SOUND  OF    SH   IN    SHINE. 

chani-pai^/n,  Cham-plain,  che-mise,*  chi-cane, 
ma-chine,*  mus-tache,  ga-lOche.  —  Ma-chin'er-y, 
Cap-u-chin ,  chan-de-lier,  chev-a-lier,  chif-fo-nicr, 
non-cha-lance,  av-a-lanche.     Cha-mois'.f 

Words  in  which  ce,  ci,  and  sci,  have  the  sound  of  sh. 

2.  Conscience,  ancient,  gra'cious,  Gre'cian, 
lus'cious,  o'cean,  prescient,  so'cial,  spacious,  spe'cic, 
spe'cies,  spe'cious.  —  A-ca'cia,  ap-pre'ciate,  as-so'- 
ciate,  a-tro'cious,  au-da'cious,  ca-pa'cious,  co-er  cion, 
com-mer'cial,  crus-ta'ceous,  de-pre'ciate. 

3.  E-ma'ciate,  e-nun'ciate,  ex-cru'ciate,  fal-la'- 
cious,  fe-ro'cious,  fi-nan'cial,  her-ba'ceous,  lo-qua'- 
cious,  men-da'cious,  pre-co'cious,  pro-vin'cial, 
ra-pa'cious,  sa-ga'cious,  se-qua'cious,  te-na'cious, 
tes-ta'ceous,  ve-ra'cious,  vi-va'cious,  vo-ra'cious.  — 
Ar-(/il-la'ceous,  brag-ga-do'cio,  con-tu-ma'cious, 
ef-ii-ca'cious,  far-i-naceous,  per-ti-na'cious.  Un- 
conscion-a-ble. 

Word!>  in  which  ci  has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  u  united  in  sound 
tvith  the  preceding  syV.abU^  tJie  final  vowel  ofwhicJi  is  short. 

4.  Pre'cious,  spe'cial,  vi'cious.  —  Aus-pi'cious, 
ca-pri'cious,  de-fi'cient,  de-li'cious,  ef-fi'cient,  es- 
pe'cial,  ju-di'cial,  ju-di'cious,  lo-^/i'cian,  ma-^/i'cian, 
ma-li'cious,  mu-5i'cian,  of-fi'cial,  of-fi'cious,  om-nis'- 
cience,  op-ti'cian,  pa-tri'cian,  per-ni  cious,  phy-si'- 
cian,  pro-fi'cient,  si-li'cious,  suf-fi'cient,  sus-pi'cion. 

*  Hie  I  in  ehemUe,  machine,  machmeryf  capuchin,  mnd  the  »e  in  chandelier,  Ao« 
have  the  sound  of  «  long. 

t  Pronounced  tham-tec^  —  the  lut  a  M  in  mar. 


BOUND   OF   SH   IN   SIHNB.  109 

5.    Ar-ii  fi'cial,  av-a-ri'cious,  ben-e-fi'cial,  pol-i- 
h'cian,     rAet-o-ri'cian,     su-per-fi'cial.  —  Ac-ad-e 
mi'-cian,    a-rith-me-ti'cian,    math-e-ma-ti'cian.  — 
Ef-fi'-cien-cy,  ju-di'cia-ry,  pro-fi'cien-cy. 

Words  in  which  si  in  sion  final  and  unaccented  has  the  sound  of  sh 

Give  the  o  m  sion  an  easy  sound  of  short  u.  When  si  is  pre* 
ceded  by  s  (as  in  passion)  the  first  s  is  merged  in  the  sound  of  sh, 
and  the  word  pronounced  as  if  written  pash'un.  In  cas'sia^  nxm'sea 
nauseous^  se  and  si  have  the  sound  of  sh. 

C.    Ces'sion,  mansion,  mis'sion,  pas'sion,  pen  sion, 
tension,   version.  —  Ac-ces'sion,    ad  mis'sion,    ag 
gres'sion,  as-cension,  as-persion,  a- version,  com 
mis'sion,  com-pas'sion,  com-pres'sion,  com-pul'sion, 
con-ces'sion,  con-cus'sion,  con-fes'sion,  con-ver'sion. 
con-vul'sion,  de-clen'sion,  de-pres'sion. 

7.  Di-gres'sion,    di-men'sion,    dis-cus'sion,    dis 
mis'sion,   dis-per'sion,  "di-ver'sion,  ex-cur'sion,  ex- 
pansion, ex-pres'sion,  ex-pul'sion,  ex-tension,  im- 
pres'sion,  im-pul'sion,  in-cur'sion,  in-ver'sion,  o  mis'- 
sion, op-pres'sion,  per-cus'sion,  per-ver'sion. 

8.  Po5-5es'sion,  pre-ten'sion,  pro-cession,  pro 
fes'sion,  pro-gres'sion,  re-mis'sion,  re-vei'sion, 
s?e-ces'sion,  sub-mis'sion,  sub-version,  suc-cession 
SLip-pres'sion,  sus-pen'sion,  trans-gres'sion.  — Ap 
pre-hen'sion,  com-pre-hension,  con-de-scension, 
in-ter-ces'sion,  in-ter-mis'sion,  man-u-mis'sion,  re 
per-cus'sion,  rep-re-hen'sion.     An-i-mad- version. 

Words  in  which  ti  has  the  sound  of  sh. 

9.  Ac'tion,  cap'tion,  cap'tious,  cau'tion,  diction 

10 


110  SOUND   OF   SH   IN   EHINE. 

/ac'tion,  fiction,  fraction,  frac'tious,  fric'tion, 
fu;ic'tion,  lo'tion,  martial,  mention,  mo'tion,  nation, 
notion,  nuptial,  option,  patient,  partial,  portion, 
quo'ticnt,  ra'tio,  ration,  satiate,  sec'tion,  sentient, 
station,  suction,  unc'tion,  vitiate. 

10.  Ab-duc'tion,  ab-lu'tion,  ab-sorp'tion,  ab 
sirac'tion,  a-dop'tion,  af-fec'tion,  af-flic'tion,  ap-pui 
tion,  as-ser'tion,  as-sump'tion,  at-ten'tion,  at-trac' 
tion,  col-lec'tion,  con-cep'tion,  con-juwc  tion,  con 
nec'tion,  con-struc'tion,  con-sumption,  con-trac'tion, 
con-vcn'tion,  con-vic'tion,  cor-rup'tion,  cre-a'tion, 
cre-den'tial5,    de-cep'tion,   de-duc'tion,   de-jec'tion. 

11.  De-scrip'tion,  de-5er'tion,  de-struc'tion,  de- 
tec'tion,  dis-sec'tion,  dis-tinc'tion,  dis-tor'tion, 
dis-trac'tion,  e-jcc'tion,  e-lec'tion,  e-mo'tion,  c-qua'- 
tion,  es-sen'tial,  ex-cep'tion,  ex-pa'tiate,  ex-ti;ic'tion, 
ex-trac'tion,  fa-ce'tious,  for-ma'tion,  foun-da'tion, 
frus-tra'tion,  im-pa'tient,  in-duc'tion,  in-ei'tia, 
in  gra'tiate,  in-fla'tion,  in-fec'tious. 

12.  In-sa'tiate,  in-scrip'tion,  in-ser'tion,  in-spec'- 
tion,  in-struc'tion,  li-ccn'tious,  mi-gra'tion,  nar-ra'- 
lion,  ne-go'tiate,  ob-jec'tion,  ob-struc'tion,  o-ra'tion, 
per-ccp'tion,  plan- ta' tion,  po-ten'tial,  pre-dic'tion, 
pre-em//tion,  pre-scrip'tion,  pre-5um/?'tion,  pra 
due  tion,  pro-mo'tion,  pros-tra'tion,  pro-tcc'tion, 
pru-den  tial,  pul-sa'tion,  quo-ta'tion. 

13.  Re-action,  re-cep'tion,  re-demp'tion,  re-ple'- 
tion,  re-flec'tion,  le-frac'tion,  re-stric'tion,  re-5uinp' 
tioii,  ro-ta'tion,  sal-va'tlon,  se-cre'tion,  se-lec'tion, 
fieu-ten'tious,  stag-nation,  sub-jec'tion,  sub-scrip'« 


SOUND    OF   SH   IN   SHINE.  Ill 

tioB,  sub-st.xatial,  sub-traction,  tax-a tion,  temp-ia! 
tion,  trans- action,  trans-la' tion,  va-ca'tion,  vex-a' 

tious,  vi-bra'[ion,  vo-ca'tion. 

14   Ab  di  ca'tion  Com  pen  sa  tion  15.  Be  vi  a'tioc 

ab  er  ra  tion  con  fis  ca  tion  dil  a  ta  tion 

ab  ju  ra  tion  con  fla  gra  tion  dis  ser  ta  tion 

ab  so  lu  tion  con  fu  ta  tion  dis  si  pa  tion 

ac  cla  ma  tion  con  ju  ga  tion  dis  til  la  tion 

;ic  cu  5a  tion  con  se  era  tion  el  o  cu  tion 

tid  ap  ta  tion  con  se  quen  tial  em  a  na  tion 

ad  mi  ra  tion  con  stel  la  tion  em  en  da  tion 

af  fir  ma  tion  con  ster  na  tion  em  i  gra  tion 

ag  gra  va  tion  con  ver  sa  tion  en  er  va  tion 

al  ter  ca  tion  cor  po  ra  tion  e  qui  noc  tial 

am  pu  ta  tion  cul  ti  va  tion  ex  ca  va  tion 

an  ncx  a  tion  de  bar  ka  tion  ex  cla  ma  tion 

ap  pel  la  tion  dec  la  ma  tion  ex  ha  la  tion 

ap  pli  <;a  tion  dec  li  na  tion  ex  pec  ta  tion 

ap  pro  ba  tion  ded  i  ca  tion  ex  pi  ra  tion 

ar  bi  tra  tion  de  fal  ca  tion  ex  ult  a  tion 

as  sig  na  tion  def  a  ma  tion  fas  ci  na  tion 

at  tes  ta  tion  de  lee  ta  tion '  fla^  el  la  tion 

ben  e  die  tion  del  e  ga  tion  gen  er  a  tion 

cal  cu  la  tion  dem  on  stra  tion  //en  u  flee  tion 

eel  e  bra  tion  dep  u  ta  tion  grav  i  ta  tion 

cir  cu  la  tion  des  o  la  tion  hab  i  ta  tion 

cir  cum  spec  tion  det  es  ta  tion  lie5  i  ta  tion 

com  bi  na  tion  det  o  na  tion  il  lus  tra  tion 

•soin  mu  ta  tion  dev  as  ta  tion  im  i  ta  tion 


112  SOUND    OF    SH   IN   SHINE. 

Im  pli  ca'tion  16.  Nav  i  ga'tion  Ref  or  ma'tioD 

in  car  na  tion  ob  scu  ra  tion  rep  ro  ba  tion 

ID  cu  ba  tion  ob  5er  va  tion  res  ig  na  tion 

in  flam  ma  tion  oc  cu  pa  tion  res  o  lu  tion 

m  flu  en  tial  op  er  a  tion  re5  ur  rec  tion 

in  for  ma  tion  or  di  na  tion  ret  ri  bu  tion 

in  ao  va  tion  os  cil  la  tion  rev  e  la  tion 

in  spi  ra  tion  os  ten  ta  tion  rev  er  en  tial 

in  stal  la  tion  pal  li  a  tion  rev  o  lu  tion 

in  sur  rec  tion  pal  pi  ta  tion  sal  i  va  tion 

in  ter  jec  tion  per  fo  ra  tion  sal  u  ta  tion 

in  ter  rup  tion  per  pe  tra  tion  sep  a  ra  tion 

in  to  na  tion  per  spi  ra  tion  sib  i  la  tion 

in  tro  due  tion  per  tur  ba  tion  sim  u  la  tion 

in  un  da  tion  pes  ti  len  tial  spec  u  la  tion 

in  vi  ta  tion  pre  con  cep  tion  spo  li  a  tion 

is  0  la  tion  prep  a  ra  tion  stip  u  la  tion 

ju  ris  die  tion  pre  di  lee  tion  suf  fo  ca  tion 

lam  en  ta  tion  pre5  en  ta  tion  su  per  scrip  tioD 

lib  er  a  tion  pres  i  den  tial  sup  pli  ca  tion 

lim  i  ta  tion  proc  la  ma  tion  trep  i  da  tion 

lit  i  ga  tion  pro  mul  ga  tion  trit  u  ra  tion 

lo  CO  mo  tion  pro  ro  ga  tion  ul  cer  a  tion 

mal  e  die  tion  pros  e  cu  tion  un  du  la  tion 

mod  u  la  tion  prot  es  ta  tion  u  5ur  pa  tion 

mas  ti  ca  tion  prov  i  den  tial  vac  cin  a  tion 

me  di  a  tion  pub  li  ca  tion  val  u  a  tion 

med  i  ta  tion  rSr  e  fac  tion  ven  ti  la  tion 

mit  i  ga  tion  rec  ol  lee  tion  vis  i  ta  tion 

mol  es  ta  tion  rec  re  a  tion  val  e  die  tion 


SOUND    OP   SH   m   SHINE. 


113 


17.  Ab  bre  vi  a'tion 
ad  ju  (li  ca  tion 

ad  min  is  tra  tion 
al  lit  er  a  tion 
a  mal  ga  ma  tion 
am  pli  fi  ca  tion 
ap  pro  pri  a  tion 
as  sas  si  na  tion 
as  sim  i  la  tion 
cir  cum  lo  cu  tion 
clas  si  fi  ca  tion 
col  0  ni  za  tion 
com  mis  er  a  tion 
con  fed  er  a  tion 

18.  In  car  cer  a  tion 
in  oc  u  la  tion 

in  ter  ro  ga  tion 
mul  ti  pli  ca  tion 
or  gan  i  za  tion 
per  e  grin  a  tion 
pro  eras  ti  na  tion 
pro  nun  ci  a  tion 
ram  i  fi  ca  tion 
re  al  i  za  tion 
re  cip  ro  ca  tion 


Ex  e  cu'tion  er 
pen  i  ten  tia  ry 
prov  i  den  tial  ly 
Plen  i  po  ten'tia  ry 
10* 


Co  op  er  a'tion 
cor  rob  o  ra  tion 
de  lin  e  a  tion 
de  ter  mi  na  tion 
dis  sem  i  na  tion 
dis  sim  u  la  tion 
e  man  ci  pa  tion 
e  quiv  o  ca  tion 
e  vac  u  a  tion 
e  vap  0  ra  tion 
ex  am  i  na  tion 
for  ti  fi  ca  tion 
^es  tic  u  la  tion 
hu  mil  i  a  tion 
re  it  er  a,  tion 
rep  re  sen  ta  tion 
re  tal  i  a  tion 
re  verb  er  a  tion 
sig  ni  fi  ca  tion 
sol  em  ni  za  tion 
ter  gi  vcr  sa  tion 
trans  fig  u  ra  tion 
va  ri  e  ga  tion 
ver  si  fi  ca  tion 
vo  cif  er  a  tion 

Pro  pOr  tion  al'i  ty 
Cir  cum  nav  i  ga'tion 
in  ter  lin  e  a  tion 
Su  per  er  0  ga'tion 


114  ^  BOUND    OF   SH   IN    SHINE. 

Words  in  which  ti  has  the  sound  of  sh,  and  is  united,  in  ptonuih 
ciation,  ivith  the  preceding  syllable,  the  accented  vou^l  cf  whicfi 
is  short. 

19.  Na'tion-al,  ra'tion-al.  -:—  Ad-di'tion,  am-bi'- 
tion,  at-tri'tion,  con-di'tion,  con-tri'tion,  dis-cre'tion, 
e-di'tion,  fic-ti'tious,  fla-^i'tious,  fru-i'tion,  ig-ni'tion, 
in-i'tial,  in-i'tiate,  mi-li'tia,  mo-ni'tion,  mu-ni'tion, 
Qu-tri'tion,  par-ti'tion,  per-di'tion,  pe-ti'tion,  po-si'- 
tion,  pro-pi' tious,  se-ditious,  sol-sti'tial,  tra-di'tion, 
tu-i'tion,  vo-li'tion. 

20.  Ab-o-lition,  ac-qui-ntion,  ad-ven-ti'tious, 
am-mu-mtion,  ap-pa-ri'tion,  ap-po-si'tion,  co-a-li'- 
tion,  com-pe-ti'tion,  com-po-si'tion,  def-i-ni'tion, 
dep-o-5i'tion,dis-po-5i'tion,  eb-ul-li'tion,  er-u-di'tion, 
ex-hi-bi'tion,  ex-pe-di'tion,  ex-po-si'tion,  im-po-si' - 
tion,  in-qui-si'tion,  op-po-5i'tion,  pre-mo-ni'tion, 
prep-o-5i'tion,  pro-hi-bi'tion,  rec-og-mtion,  rep-e- 
ti'tion,  su-per-sti'tion,  sup-po-5i'tion,  trans-po-5i'tion. 
—  Prac-ti'tion-er.     In-i'tia-to-ry,  pro-pi'tia-to-ry. 

Words  in  which  s,  followed  ly  u,  has  the  sound  of^. 

21.  Sure.  Censure,  fis'sure,  press'ure,  sugar, 
sumac,  sure'ty.  Cy'no-sure.  As-sure'.  As-sui'- 
ance,  in-surance. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1,2.  The  marshal's  truncheon.  A  stanchion  or  prop.  On  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  The  charlatan  came  in  a  chaise.  The  chevalier  has  shaved  oflf  his 
mustache.  The  aeronaut  came  down  in  a  parachute.  An  avalanche  swept 
away  the  hut.  The  marchioness  treated  him  with  nonchalance.  The  chan- 
delier fell.  Ingenious  machines.  A  gracious  smile.  A  spacious  pretence 
(  use  no  coercion.  Her  knowledge  seems  like  prescience.  A  luscious  grape. 
P&j  me  in  speoie.    She  pines  with  chagrin     A  lobster  is  orustaoeoos ;  as 


B0X3KD    OF    SH   IN   SHINE.  115 

oyster,  tpstaccoua    Champagne  wine.    By  a  champaign  country,  ne  mean  an 
open,  level  country. 

3 — 5.  A  veracious  narrative.  An  argillaceous  or  clayey  soil  Farina 
oeous  food.  Efficacious  medicine.  A  contumacious  boy.  A  pertinacious 
blunderer.  A  voracious  fish.  A  special  verdict.  A  precious  baby.  An 
auspicious  beginning.  A  capricious  and  superficial  little  lady.  An  efficient 
teacher.  A  sufficient  suspicion.  A  silicious  or  flinty  earth.  Her  profi- 
ciency amazes.  A  politician,  but  no  rhetorician.  An  officious,  avaricious 
man.     A  ready  arithmetician.     Reverence  the  Omniscient  One. 

G — 8.  A  balloon  ascension.  An  unjust  aspersion.  Depression  of  spirits 
A  long  procession.  False  professions.  In  possession  of  property.  A  per 
cussiou  cap.  An  animadversion  on  his  transgression.  Quick  of  apprehen 
sion.  The  queen's  condescension.  An  excursion  into  the  country.  A 
Fuccession  of  losses.  The  secession  of  our  allies  must  lead  to  a  suspension 
of  hostilities.  A  nauseous  draught.  Is  it  cassia  or  cinnamon?  A  new  ver 
sion.    An  important  mission.     A  fit  of  passion. 

9 — 11.  The  nuptial  ceremony.  A  fractious  child.  A  partial  report.  A 
captious  critic.  The  ratio  of  in'crease.  A  sailor's  rations.  The  convention 
met.  They  showed  their  credentials.  A  portion  of  the  nation.  The  doctor 
has  many  patients.  An  infectious  disease.  A  facetious  youth.  The  frus 
tration  of  my  plans.  You  drive  me  to  distraction.  A  description  of  tha 
Bcene.  Expatiate  on  it  Divide  12  by  3,  and  4  is  the  quotient  The 
consumption  of  fiiel.  Inertia  is  want  of  action.  A  solid  foundation.  My 
morning  ablution.     The  abduction  of  the  maid. 

12,13.  Apt  quotations.  An  inspection  of  troops.  Inscriptions  on  tomb 
stones.  Preemption  rights.  My  heart's  pulsation.  Prudential  policy. 
Obstructions  in  the  road.  Negotiate  for  the  plantation.  Filled  to  repletion 
Rotation  in  office.  A  sententious  style.  A  sum  in  subtraction.  Give  him 
your  subscription.  Shun  temptations.  A  vexatious  taxation.  Stagnation 
in  business.     A  reaction  must  be  near. 

14,  15.  The  adaptation  of  the  parts.  An  altercation  among  the  students. 
\  dilatation  of  the  eyes.  The  confiscation  of  his  property.  A  severe  fla^el 
etion.  Free  from  molestation.  She  holds  him  in  detestation.  He  sought 
>n  assignation.  Defamation  of  character.  An  aberration  from  the  right 
Numerous  emendations.  He  accused  her  by  implication.  What  is  his  ap- 
jellation  ?  A  commutation  of  his  sentence.  The  declination  of  the  star.  A 
minous  conflagration. 

16,  17.  The  rarefaction  of  the  air.  He  was  fluent  in  his  protestations 
V  presidential  proclamation.  His  conduct  is  without  palliation.  The  oscil 
»«ition  of  the  pendulum.  Let  there  be  good  ventilation.  A  reverential  sup 
|»iication.  Iii  vaccinaiton  the  first  c  has  the  sound  of  k,  the  second  the 
%)und  of  s  in  so  A  predilection  in  her  favor.  My  recollection  fails.  The 
ireparaticc  for  winter.    The  prorogation  of  parliament    A  specimen  ot 


116  SOUNDS   OF   T,    TH,    W,    Y,    Z,   ZH. 

*l!itcraiion.  The  Colonization  Society.  Give  mc  youi  roupcntion  A 
Oorroboration  of  the  fact.     Speak  without  circumlocution  or  nniplificatiuu. 

IS.  A  minister  plenipotentiary.  A  work  of  supererogation.  Procrasii- 
nation  is  the  thief  of  time.  The  circumnavigation  of  the  globe.  Never 
resort  to  teri/iversation  or  evasion.  A  reciprocation  of  benefits.  I  met  her 
in  my  peregrinations.  The  multiplication  table.  A  mark  of  interrogation. 
The  realization  of  my  hopes.     Study  to  be  accurate  in  your  pronunciation. 

19 — 21.  A  new  edition.  A  rational  ambition.  Flagitious  conduct 
Munitions  of  war.  A  partition  of  the  spoils.  A  partition  of  wood.  He 
made  deposition  to  the  fact.  An  ebullition  of  anger.  The  attrition  of  the 
Btoue  has  worn  a  hole.  The  ignition  of  the  chips.  A  dishonest  coalition. 
An  initiatory  explanation.  Solstitial  weather.  A  pressure  in  the  money 
market.  The  cyno:}ure  of  all  eyes.  A  fissux'e  in  the  walL  A  policy  of 
insurance. 

rv.    Sounds  of  T,  TH,  "W,  Y,  Z.  ZH. 

Words  in  which  d  has  tJie  sound  f-f  t. 

The  words  in  which  d  has  the  sound  of  t  are,  for  the  most  part, 
cither  the  past  tenses  of  verbs,  or  the  participles  of  verbs,  —  as 
pliaked,  tossed,  stepped,  &.Q.  Now,  the  letter  e  before  d  in  these 
words  is  not  sounded  ;  whence  the  sounds  of  k  in  j)lnck,  of  s  in 
twiSy  and  of  p  in  step,  cotnc  in  inunediate  contact  with  the  sound 
of  the  letter  d.  But  the  sound  of  the  letter  d  is  vocal,  whilst 
those  of  A-,  s,  and  p,  are  aspirate;  so  that  the  combinations  kd 
^,  and  ]xl,  arc  unpronounceable.     Hence  d  is  sounded  as  t, 

1.  Asked,  baked,  danced,  guessed,  inked, 
laughed,  milked,  mi.s.sed,  puffed,  shocked,  stamped, 
strapped,  tripped,  walked,  washed,  whipped.  Be- 
trothed. 

Words  tn  which  th  has  its  aspirate  soundy  as  in  thin. 

2.  Bath,  both,  breath,  breaths,  lath,  loth,  mouth., 
myth,  oath,  path,  sheath,  think,  troth,  truth,  truths, 
Withe,  youth,  youths.  —  An'thcm,  author,  ba'thos, 
bismuth,  ether,  ethics,  hundredth,  jacinth,  meth 


ZH.  117 

3d,  sab'bath,  thesis,  Thu'le,   thunder,   zenith. — 
Ba-truth',  cn-throne. 

3.  Am'a-ranth,    apa-thy,    az'i-muth,    ep'i-thet, 
mb'y-rinth,    leth'ar-^3%    mis'an-thrope,    plcth'o-ric, 
syn'the  sis,  the'o-ry.  —  A-can'thus,  au-then'tic,  ca 
*;har'tic,  nc-pon'the,  pan-the'on,  pa-thet'ic. 

4.  A-nath'c-ma,  an-tith'e-sis,  a-rith'mc-tic,  an 
tip'a-thy,  can-thar'i-des,  hy-poth'e-sis,  le-vi'a-than, 
my-thoro-ZyTj  pa-rcn'thc-sis,  the-oc'ra-cy,  the-od'o 
lite,  the-ol'o-^/y,  ther-mom'c-ter. 

Words  in  tvhich  th  has  its  vocal  soiaid,  as  in  thine. 

5.  Bathe,  bath5,  blithe,  booth,  booths,  breathe, 
lath5,  lithe,  mouth  (when  a  verb),  mouths,  oaths, 
paths,  with.  —  Burthen,  ei'ther,  farthing,  hith'er, 
lath'er,  leath'er;  prith'ee,  thith'er,  worthy.  —  Be 
neath',  be-queath,  un-sheathe. 

Words  in  which  u  Juts  the  sound  oj  w. 

6.  Ari'guish,  larigua^/e,  languid,  la/i'guor,  \m 
guist,  penguin,  pinguid,  sanguine,  suasion,  un 
guent.  —  As-sua//e',    dis-suade,    per-suade.  —  As'- 
sue-tude,    des'ue-tude,    suav'i-ty.  —  Dis-sua'sive, 
per-sua'sion. 

Wofrds  in  which  i,  preceded  by  the  accent^  and  followed  ry  a 
vmvelj  has  the  consonant  sound  of  j. 

7.  Anxious,  al'ien,  banian,  bast'ion,  bes'tial, 
bilious,  bill'iards,  bili'ion,  brill'iant,  bull'ion.  Chris- 
tian, clu^/t'ier,  coll'ier,  cord'ial,  court'icr,  dahl'ia, 
fil'ial,  flexion,  folio,  fust'ian,  hall'iards,  Ind'ian. 
jun'ior,  million,  min'ion. 


118  SOUNDS   OF   T,    TH,    W,    Y,    Z,    ZH. 

8.  Noxious,   onion,    pannier,    pav'ior,   pillion, 
pinion,  poniard,  pump'ion,  premier,  question,  ruf 
fian,   Saviour,   scuU'ion,  senior,  spaniel,  trill'ion, 
trivial,  trunnion,  union,  val'iant,  vis'ion,  viz'ier. 

9.  A-phel'ion,  au-relia,  aux-il'iar,  bat-tal'ion, 
be-hav'ior,  ce-les'tial,  ci-vil'ian,  con-^es'tion,  com- 
munion, com-bus'tion,  com-pan'ion,  com-plex'ion 
con-cil'iate,  con-viv'ial,  con-ven'ient,  di-^es'tion 
do-min'ion,  ex-haus'tion,  e-lys'ium,  e-bullient 
e-moU'ient,  es-pal'ier. 

10.  Fa-mil'iar,  in-^/en'ious,  me-dallion,  mag 
no'lia,  0-pin  ion,  pa-villon,  pe-cul'iar,  per-fid'iou3 
ple-be'ian,  port-fol'io,  pos-till'ion,  co-till'ion,  punc 
til'io,  re-5irient,  re-bell'ion,  tri-en'nial,  ver-mil'ion 
•  -  Ig-no-min  ious,  su-per-cil'ious. 

Words  in  which  a  has  the  smmd  of  z  in  gaze. 

The  words  where  s  is  sounded  like  z  are,  many  of  them,  eithei 
possessive  cases  or  plural  forms  of  nouns,  —  as  stat/^Sy  stags , 
slab's,  slabs,  &c.  In  these  words  (and  in  words  like  them)  tho 
sounds  of  ^  (in  stag)  and  of  i  (in  slab)  come  in  immediate  contact 
with  the  letter  s.  But  the  sound  of  the  letter  s  is  aspirate,  whil^ 
those  of  b  and  </  are  vocal ;  so  that  the  combinations  ffs,  bs,  are 
unpronounceable.  Hence  s  is  sounded  as  z.  S  is  pronounced 
like  z  when  it  forms  an  additional  syllable,  with  e  before  it,  in 
the  plural  of  nouns  and  the  third  person  singular  of  verbs ;  also 
In  several  other  instances. 

11.  Heads,  ribs,  rags,  sieves.  Boxes,  ca'^/es, 
rich'es,  rusli'es,  wish'es.  Means,  morals,  seems, 
hers.  Dismal,  prism.  Com'mas,  dues,  shoes 
views.     Dai'sy,  easy,  grea'sy. 


SOUNDS    OF   T,    TH,    W,    IT,    Z,    ZH,  119 

Words  tn  which  s,  si,  ti,  and  zi,  have  the  sownd  q/"  zn,  or  of  zin 
a'zure,  ra'zure 

12.  Bra'sier,  cro'sier,  fusion,  gla'zier,  ho'sier, 
measure,  o'sier.  —  Com-po'sure,  em-bra  sure,  en- 
clo'sure,  e-rasure,  ex-po'sure,  fore-clo'sure. — 
A-bra'sion,  ad-he'sion,  af-fu'sion,  al-lu'sion,  am- 
bro'sia,  co-he'sion,  col-li'sion,  col-lusion,  con-fu 
sion,  con-clu'sion,  con-tu'sion,  cor-ro'sion,  de-cfsion, 
de-lu'sion,  de-rj'sion,  di-vi'sion,  dif-fu'sion. 

13.  Ef  fusion,   e-li'sion,    e-va'sion,   ex-clu'sion, 
ex-plo'sion,  il-lu'sion,  in-fu  sion,  in-tru'sion,  in-va' 
sion,   mis-pris'ion,   ob-tru'sion,  oc-ca'sion,  per-va'- 
sion,  pre-ci'sion,  pro-tru'sion,  pro-fu  sion,  se-elu  sion, 
suf-fu  sion,  tran-si'tion. 

DICTATION   AND   WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1 — 4.  She  laughed  while  he  danced.  He  missed  the  path.  Our  breaths 
froze.  The  youths  had  withes.  She  is  betrothed.  He  took  ether.  The 
surveyor  had  a  theodolite.  The  misanthrope  grumbled.  Overcome  your 
antipathy.  The  plural  of  antithesis  is  antitheses.  A  probable  theory 
The  acanthus  tree. 

5.  A  heavy  burthen.  The  baths  are  ready.  Our  paths  arc  diflFerent. 
A  lithe  figure.  Oaths  are  superfluous.  Do  not  mouth  your  words.  She 
makes  mouths.     Prithee,  go  thither  with  thy  laths. 

6 — 8.  Moral  suasion.  The  custom  has  fallen  into  desuetude.  He  speaka 
xrith  Buavity.  A  soothing  unguent.  A  sanguine  disposition.  Filial  re- 
spect. The  premier  has  resigned.  The  Saviour  of  the  world.  A  valiant 
vizier  He  dropped  a  poniard.  A  folio  volume.  A  dahlia  in  bloom. 
Stand  by  the  Union  !     Noxious  vapors. 

9 — 10.  Excuse  my  companion's  behavior.  The  battalion  consisted  of 
ten  companies.  A  congestion  of  the  lungs.  An  emollient  application.  An 
ebullient  enthusiasm.  An  espalier  is  a  tree  on  a  frame.  A  supercilious 
glance.     A  peculiar  opinion.     A  fusion  cf  parties     A  violent  transition, 

11 — 13.  The  foreclosure  of  a  mortgage.  A  collision  of  locomotives.  A 
contusion  on  the  head.  Try  a  cold  affusion.  Do  you  suspect  h^m  of  col 
lusion  ?    Why  this  intrusion  ?    Misprision  of  treason. 


120  6ILENT   LETTERS. 


SILENT    LETTERS. 

Words  arc  said  to  be  .silc?it  when  they  arc  unsounded  in  the 
pronunciation,  though  introduced  in  spelling  and  writing. 

Words  in  ivhich  b,  except  w/teii  initial^  is  silent. 

1.  Bomb,  climb,  comb,  crumb  (or  cmm),  debt, 
Qoubt,  dumb,  jamb,  lamb,  limb,  numb,  plumb, 
tomb.     Sub'tle.     Rc-doubt'.     Hcc'a-tomb. 

Words  ill  which  c,  ch,  and  d,  are  silent. 

2.  Czar,  draclim,  schism,  yacht.  Vict'ua:s, 
vict'ual-er  (pronounced  vit'tlz,  vit'ler).  In-dict'. 
Schis-mat'ic.  —  Iland'some,  Wedne^'day.  Hand'- 
ker-chief,  stadt'liold-cr. 

Words  in  which  g  and  gh  are  silent.* 

3.  Deign,  dough,  feign,  gnarl,  gnash,  gnat, 
gnaw,  gnome,  neigh,  phlegm,  reign,  sleigh,  sign, 
Gno'mon,  poignant,  neigh'bor,  furlough,  borough 
(pronounced  burro).  Ar-raign,  as-sign,  be-nign, 
cam-paign,  con-dign,  con-sign,  de-sign,  im-pugn, 
ma-lign,  re-5ign,  in-veigh,  out-weigh.  Bagnio, 
ensign,  foreign,  gnostic,  seignior.  Ap'o-thegm, 
di'a-phragm,  par'a-digm,  sover-eign  (pronounced 
Silver -in). 

Words  in  which  h  is  silent. 

The  h  in  these  words,  namely  :  cx-hale',  cs-hib'it,  cx-hi-bi'tion, 
ex-hort*,  hum'ble,  hum'ble-bce,  host'lcr,  hos'pi-tal,  hu'mor,  hu- 
mor-oos,  shep'herd,  is  made  silent  by  some  authoritiss;   but, 

*  See  page  46  for  other  words  of  thii  oImi. 


SILENT   LETTERS.  121 

ondcr  the  best  usage,  and  according  to  Webster  it  ha^  its  aspi- 
rate quality. 

In  herb,  herVagCy  herh'al^  the  present  tendency  is  to  aspirate 
the  h,  though  in  most  dictionaries  it  is  otherwise  marked.  Id 
tia'pHtha  (pronounced  'tiap'tha)  the  first  h  is  unsounded. 

4.  Ghost,  heir,  hour,  myrrh,  rheum  (pronounced 
room),  rhomb,  rhyme,  thyme.  Asth'ma,  hurgh'er, 
gherkin,  ghastly,  honest,  honor,  isth'mus,  rhu'- 
barb.     Ca-tarrh'.    Ilon'es-iy,  rhap'so-dy,  rhet'o-ric 

Words  in  which  k  is  silent. 
K  is  always  silent  before  n  in  the  same  syllable. 

5.  Knack,  knag,  knave,  knead,  knee,  kneel, 
knell,  knew,  knife,  knight,  knit,  knob,  knock, 
knoll,  knob,  knout,  know.  Knapsack,  knuckle, 
knurl'y. 

Words  in  which  1  is  silent. 

The  a  in  the  first  sixteen  -words  following  has  the  sound  of  a  in 
far  ;  in  balk,  and  the  eight  words  following,  it  has  tnc  sound  of  a 
in  fall ;  in  salmon  it  has  the  sound  of  a  in  fat.  In  yul  ?nis-try 
the  I  is  sounded  ;  and,  according  to  Walker,  it  should  be  sounded 
in  psalmist  and  psalmody  ;  but  in  these  words  Webster  drops  the 
sound  of  the  I.  In  psalter  (pronounced  sawl'ter)  the  sound  of  the 
I  is  retained. 

6.  Alms,  balm,  calf,  calve,  calm,  half,  halve, 
palm,  ;?salm,  qualm,  salve.  Al'mond,  balm'y, 
calmer,  palm'er,  palmy.  —  Balk,  calk,  chalk,  stalk, 
talk,  walk.  Calk'er,  fal'con,  hal'ser.*  Folks,  could, 
should,  would.     Salm'on. 

M  is  silent  in  mne-mon'ic;  N  is  silent  in  the  following. 

7.  Hymn,  kiln,  limn.     Autumn,  column,  sol- 

♦  CommoDly  spelt  hav/ger. 
11 


123  SILENT   LETTERS. 

emn,     Con-demn',  con-temn.     Con-deinn'ing,  cod 
iemn  ing. 

Words  in  which  p  is  silent* 

8.  Psalm,    tempt.      Empty,    ptisan,    pseu'do 
At-tcmpt',  receipt.     Rasp'ber-ry. 

Words  in  which  s  is  silent, 

9.  Aisle,    isle,   isrand,   vis'count.      De-mesne' 
Ap-ro-pus'. 

Words  in  which  t  is  silent. 

In  the  fjllowing  words,  where  e  occurs  before  final  n,  or  fina. 
after  Z,  it  is  unooundcd.     Say  ofn,  sof'n^  hris'l,  &c. 

10.  Bristle,  bus  tie,  cas'tle,  gristle,  hustle,  jos- 
tle, mis'tle,  nes tie,  pes'tle,  rustle,  thistle,  throstle, 
trestle,  whistle,  wrestle.  Chast'en,  christ'en, 
fast'en,  glist'en,  hast'en,  list'en,  moist'en,  oft'en, 
soft'en.  Cnest'nut,  Christ'mci::;,  hust'ler',  mortgage 
Mis' tie-toe.     A-poitle,  e-pistle. 

WortL3  in  ^z^hich  ue  is  silent, 

11.  Brogue,  fugue,  league,  plague,  rogue,  tongue, 
vaguf,  vogue.  Masque,  mosque,  pique.  Col- 
league, eclogue,  prologue.  Fa-tigue',  in-triguc. 
ob-lique,  u-nique.  Ila-rangue,  o-paque,  pro-rogue. 
Ap'o-logue,  cat'a-logue,  dec'a-logue,  dem'a-gogue, 
dia-logue,  ep'i-logue,  ped'a-gogue,  syn'a-gogue. 

Words  in  which  w  is  silent. 

12.  "WTiole,  whom,  whoop,  whose,  wrap,  wratfc, 
wrcak^  wreath,  wreck,  wren,  wrench,  wrest,  wretch 

•  PMhin'ic  w«  pronounce  tiz'ik  ;  and  phthi'sis,  thi'm. 


SILENT   LETTERS.  123 

wrigl^t,  wring,  wrist,  write,  wri^Ae    wrong,  wroth, 
wring,  wrought,  wry.     An'st^;er,  wholesome,  wran 
gle,  wriggle,  wrinkle.     A-wry,  he-wray. 

DICTATIO^  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES. 

1 — 3.  The  jamb  of  the  (loot  A  plumb  line.  The  redoubt  wa3  taken. 
Ihc  czar's  palace.  They  will  indict  the  victualer.  A  schism  in  the  church. 
A  poignant  malady.  Condign  punishment.  Impugn  the  foreign  witness 
An  apothegm  or  maxim.  A  paradigm  or  model.  The  Grand  Seignior 
The  hand  of  a  dial  is  a  gnomon.  Be  resigned.  A  schismatic  intruder 
Ihe  campaign  is  finished.  An  ambitious  sovereign.  The  captain  is  absent 
on  a  furlough.  A  sign  of  rain.  A  benign  disposition.  A  gnarled  oak. 
He  could  not  assign  a  reason  for  his  conduct. 

4 — G.  She  is  an  heiress.  Give  the  knave  the  knout.  An  honest  burgher. 
A  plate  of  gherkins.  Rhubarb  for  the  asthma.  The  isthmus  of  Suez.  A 
knurly  tree.  Smoked  salmon.  She  suffers  from  a  catarrh.  Bestow  alms 
A  humble  exhibition.  The  falcon  flew.  The  calker  let  go  the  hawser.  A 
wooded  knoll.  A  knuckle  of  veal.  A  Psalter  is  a  book  of  the  Psalma 
Balk  his  malice.  A  pretender  to  palmistry.  My  palmy  days.  The  old 
folks  at  home.  An  almond  tree.  A  qualm  of  conscience.  A  humorous 
rhapsody.  The  psalmody  of  the  psalmist.  A  soldier's  knapsack.  Naphtha 
is  bituminous.     A  balmy  air.     A  figure  like  a  rhomb. 

7 — 9.  The  lim'ner  sat  down  to  limn.  They  sang  a  hymn.  The  solemn 
autumn  time.  A  column  of  infantry.  In  condemning  his  attempt,  recall 
the  provocation.  A  mnemonic  device.  A  pseudo  viscount.  Apropos  to 
that,  Where  is  his  demesne?  A  ptisan  for  the  sick  man.  An  empty 
coach.  A  sumptuous  banquet.  Preserved  raspberries.  I  paid  the  bill, 
but  receival  no  receipt. 

iO — 12.  A  bustle  at  tlie  castle.  It  does  not  rain  ;  it  mistles.  Often  at 
Christmas  Ave  used  to  wrestle.  The  beloved  apostle.  The  mistletoe  bough. 
A  mortgage  on  the  land.  My  coUeaguewas  wroth.  A  prologue  is  spoken 
before,  and  an  epilogue  after,  a  play.  Fasten  the  window.  Harangue  the 
crowd.  Answer  the  demagogue.  The  ten  commandments  are  the  deca- 
log-ae.  A  sprained  wrist.  Opaque  glass.  A  catalogue  of  the  goods.  An 
amusing  dialogue.  An  apologue  or  fable.  A  fugue  is  a  rej/Ctition  of 
parts  in  a  musical  composition.  He  was  hustled  by  the  mob.  A  pestle 
and  mortar.  Leaves  rustle.  A  trestle  for  the  bridge.  She  looked  awry. 
lie  was  wroCh  at  her  nisdemeanor.  They  wrought  well,  and  fiuis'ied  theil 
labors  soon. 


124  WORDS    SOUNDED    ALIKE. 


WORDS  SOUNDED  .VLIKE,   BUT  DIFFERENTLY  SPELLED. 

1.  Adds,  adz,    ale,  ail;    air,  ere,  heir,  e'er, 
all,  awl ,  aisle,  I  '11,  isle  ;   al'tar,  al'ter  ;   an'choi 
a^i'kcr  ;  aik,   arc  ;    as-cent,  as-sent ;    ate,  eight 
auger,  au'gur  ;   aught,  ought. 

2.  Bald,  bawled  ;  bad,  bade  ;  bale,  bail  ;  ball 
bawl ;  baize,  bays  ;  bare,  bear  ;  base,  bass  ;  barm, 
balm;  bay,  bey;  be,  bee;  beat,  beet;  beacli, 
beech  ;  beor,  bier. 

3.  Bell,  belle  ;  bin,  been  ;  birth,  berth ;  bite^ 
bight ;  blew,  blue  ;  bold'er,  bowl'der ;  boldj 
bowled  ;  bore,  boar  ;  bored,  board  ;  bole,  boll,  bowl. 

4.  Borne,  bourn ;  bow,  bough ;  bow,  bea,u  ; 
braid,  brayed  ;  brake,  break ;  breech,  breach ; 
bred,  bread  ;  broach,  brooch  ;  brews,  bruise  ;  brute, 
bruit ;  but,  butt ;  by,  buy  ;  bury,  berry. 

5.  Cal'en-dar,  cal'en-der ;  call,  caul  ;  cannon, 
can'on  ;  canvas,  can vass ;  cask,  casque  ;  cast, 
caste  ;  cede,  seed  ;  ceil,  seal,  seel ;  ceiling,  seal'- 
ing  ;   cell,  sell ;   cel'lar,  seller. 

6.  Cent,  scent,  sent ;  cere,  sear,  sere,  seer ; 
cession,  session  ;  chaste,  chased  ;  cite,  sight,  site  ; 
clause,  claws  ;   clime,  climb  ;   coarse,  course. 

7.  Com'pli-ment,  com'ple-ment ;  cord,  chord  , 
core,  corps  ;  cote,  coat ;  cous  in,  ccz'en  ;  creak, 
creek ;  crews,  cruise ;  crew'el,  cru'el ;  cyg'nel, 
Big'net. 

8.  Dane,  deign  ;  day,  dey  •.  dear,  deer ;  dew^ 
due ;    die,  dye ;    diie,  dyer ;    doe,  dough ;   draft. 


WORDS   SOUNDED   ALIKE.  12& 

draught ;   dram,  drachm  ;    dun,  done  ;   dust,  dost , 
earn,  urn  ;   I,  eye  ;   ewe,  you 

9.  Fane,  fain,  feign  ;  faint,  feint ;  fare,  fair ; 
fate,  fete  ;  feet,  feat;  fd'ter,  phil'ter;  fillip,  Phil'ip; 
flee,  flea  ;   find,  fined. 

10.  Flew,  flue  ;  flour,  flower  ;  fort,  forte  ;  foie, 
four ;  forth,  fourth  ;  foul,  fowl  ;  frays,  phrase  , 
freeze,  frieze  ;  fur,  fir  ;   furs,  furze. 

11.  Gage,  gauge  ;  gall,  Gaul ;  gate,  gait ; 
gild,  guild  ;  gilt,  guilt ;  gloze,  glows  ;  grate, 
great ;  grfit'er,  great'er  ;  grease,  Greece  ;  groan, 
grown  ;  guest,  guessed  ;  greaves,  grieves. 

12.  Hale,  hail ;  hall,  haul ;  hare,  hair  ;  hart, 
heart ;  hay,  hey  ;  heel,  heal  ;  hear,  here  ;  herd, 
heard  ;  hew,  hue,  Hugh  ;  hide,  hied. 

13.  Hie,  high  ;  him,  hymri ;  hire,  higher ; 
hoard,  horde  ;  hoe,  ho  ;  hoes,  hose  ;  hole,  whole  , 
holy,  wholly  ;  hoop,  whoop  ;  hour,  our  ;  hus-sar , 
huz-za'. 

14.  In,  inn  ;  in-dite,  in-dict ;  in-vade,  in 
veighed  ;  jam,  jamb  ;  just,  joust ;  key,  quay  , 
kill,  kiln  ;  knave,  nave  ;  knead,  need,  kneed  , 
knew,  new  ;  knows,  nose  ;  knight,  night ;  knot, 
not ;  lade,  laid ;  lane,  lain  ;  lapse,  laps ;  lax^ 
lacks  ;  lee,  lea  ;  leach,  leech. 

15.  Leaf,  lief ;  leak,  leek ;  led,  lead ;  lean 
lien ;  lesson,  les'sen  ;  lev'ee,  lev'y  ;  lie,  lye  , 
limb,  limn  ;  links,  lynx  ;  load,  lode,  lowed  ;  lone, 
loan  ;  loch,  lock  ;  lo,  low  ;  lyre,  liar. 

16.  Made,    maid ;    male,  mail ;    mane,  main 

11* 


126  WORDS   SOITNDED    ALIKE. 

manner,  manor;  mark,  marque;  marshal,  mar- 
Lai ;  maze,  maize  ;  meed,  mead  ;  mean,  mien , 
meet,  meat,  mete  ;   minor,  miner  ;   mist,  missed. 

17.  Mite,  might ;  moan,  mown  ;  mode,  mowed ; 
mote,  moat ;  mucus,  mucous  ;  muse,  mews  ;  nay, 
neigh  ;  nice,  gneiss  ;  nit,  knit ;  nun,  none  ;  car, 
o'er,  ore  ;   ode,  owed  ;   one,  won ;    0,  oh,  owe. 

18.  Pale,  pail  ;   pall,  Paul ;  pane,  pain  ;  pare, 
pair,   pear ;    pause,    paws  ;    peace,    piece ;    peak, 
pique  ;  peal,  peel ;  pearl,  purl ;  peer,  pier  ;   pen 
oil,  pensile  ;   plane,  plain. 

19.  Plate,  plait ;  please,  pleas  ;  plum,  plumb  ; 
pole,  poll ;  pore,  pour  ;  port,  porte  ;  pray,  prey  ; 
pum'ice,  pom' ace  ;   quartz,  quarts  ;  quire,  choir. 

20.  Rack,  wrack  ;  rain,  rein,  reign  ;  raze,  raise, 
rays  ;  rap,  wrap  ;  red,  read ;  reed,  read ;  reck 
wreck  ;  reek,  wTcak  ;  rest,  wrest ;  retch,  wretch  , 
rice,  rise  ;  rigger,  rig'or  ;  rime,  rhyme  ;  ring,  wring 

21.  Rite,  right,  write,  wright  ;  rode,  road, 
rowed  ;  roe,  row  ;  rote,  wrote  ;  rout,  route  *  ;  rose, 
rows  ;  rude,  rood  ;  rulT,  rough  ;  rung,  wrung ; 
rye,  wry. 

2/..  Sale,  sail ;  seen,  scene,  seine  ;  see,  sea  ; 
seem,  seam  ;  sees,  seas,  seize;  serf,  surf;  ser^e, 
Bur//e  ;  shear,  sheer ;  shears,  sheers  ;  shown,  shone, 

23.  Side,  sighed  ;  sine,  sign  ;  skull,  scull ;  slay, 
Bleigh  ;  sleeve,  sleave  ;  slew,  slue  ;  slight,  sleight , 
slow,  sloe  ;  sole,  soul ;  so,  sew,  sow  ;  sore,  soar  , 
staid  stayed. 

*  The  ou  of  this  word  ii  alfo  pronounced  as  in  youth. 


WOBDS    SOUNDED   ALIKE.  127 

24  Stare,  stair;  stake,  steak;  step,  steppe, 
Btcel,  steal ;  stile,  style  ;  stoop,  stoup  ;  straight^ 
strait ;  straight'en,  strait'eii ;  sweet,  suite  ;  sue'- 
cor,  suck'cr  ;  sum,  some  ;  sun,  son. 

25.  Tale,  tail ;  tare,  tear  ;  tax,  tacks  ;  teem, 
team ;  tear,  tier  ;  ^Acir,  ^Aere  ;  threw,  through  ; 
throw,  throe  ;  throws,  throes  ;  throne,  thrown ; 
tide,  tied. 

2G.  Time,  thyme  ;  toad,  towed  ;  toe,  tow  ;  too, 
two  ;  told,  toled,  tolled  ;  tole,  toll ;  tract,  tracked  ; 
tray,  trey ;  vale,  veil,  vail ;  vane,  vain,  vein. 

27.    Wade,  weighed  ;  wale,  wail ;  wane,  wain ; 
wait,  weight ;  waste,  waist ;  ware,  wear  ;  wave, 
waive  ;  way,  weigh  ;  week,  weak ;  ween,  wean 
we/A'er,  wea^/i'er  ;  wood,  would. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  He  adds  it  up.  An  adz  for  cutting.  Home-brewed  ale.  What  can 
%ilhim?  Pure  air.  Heir  to  the  estate.  Whene'er  I  am  late  at  school,  I 
regret  it.  Think  twice  ere  you  do  it.  The  shoemaker's  awl.  All  th€ 
world.  The  aisle  of  the  church.  An  isle  in  the  lake.  I'll  go  kneel  at  the 
altar.  Alter  thy  course.  The  ship's  anchor.  An  anker  of  wine.  Noah'a 
ark.  The  arc  of  a  circle.  A  steep  ascent.  Ask  his  assent.  lie  ate  eight 
muffins.  An  auger  for  boring.  An  augur's  predictions.  For  aught  I 
know  you  ought  to  go. 

2,'  A  bald  head.  He  bawled  for  his  ball.  A  bale  of  goods.  He  gaxe 
bail.  Bail  out  the  boat.  Green  baize.  The  poet's  bays.  A  bear's  skin  ia 
octter  than  a  bare  skin,  this  cold  weather.  A  base  attack,  lie  sings  bass. 
Barm  is  yeast.  A  soothing  balm.  I  bade  the  bad  boy  wait.  The  Ray  of 
Biscay.  The  Bey  of  Tunis  Be  busy  as  a  bee.  Beat  the  carpet  Sugar 
from  beets.    The  sea  beach.   A  beech  tree.    Spruce  beer.    A  body  on  a  bier. 

3.  Ring  the  oell.  The  belle  of  the  ball-room.  A  bin  for  wine.  Whero 
have  you  been  ?  My  birth-day.  No  vacant  berth  in  the  cabin.  The  tish 
will  not  bite.  The  bight  of  a  rope.  A  blue  sky.  The  wind  blew.  She  ia 
bolder  than  he.  A  bowlder  of  granite.  I  bowled  in  the  alley  an  hour.  A 
bold  man.     Bore  a  bole.    A  wild  boar.    Plane  the  boanL     Board  aui 


12S  WORDS   SOUNDED    ALIKE 

lodging.  They  bored  two  holes.  A  bowl  of  milk.  The  boll  e/  a  plant 
Bole  is  a  kind  of  clay. 

4.  lie  was  borne  away.  Gone  to  his  long  bourn.  Bow  as  yon  enter 
A  leafy  bough.  A  bow  and  arrow.  A  spruce  beau.  Braid  thy  hair.  The 
ass  brayed.  A  cane  brake.  Break  the  stick.  A  brakcman  was  killo-l.  A 
breach  in  a  wall.  Breech  the  lad.  Brown  bread.  A  well-bred  girl 
Broach  the  topic.  Wear  this  brooch.  He  brews  porter.  A  bad  bruisp 
A  brute  beast.  A  bruit  or  rumor.  A  butt  for  ridicule.  A  butt  of  wiue 
But  why  ?    Buy  this  book.     By  and  by.     A  ripe  berry.     Bury  the  dead. 

5.  A  calendar  month.  Calender  the  cloth.  Call  the  girl  with  a  caul 
on  her  head.  The  canons  of  the  church,  not  cannons  for  firing.  The 
speakers  are  to  canvass  the  topic  in  a  canvas  tent.  <A  cask  of  beer.  A 
plumed  casque  for  the  warrior's  head.  He  has  lost  caste.  Be  not  cast 
down.  We  cede  our  claims.  Sow  the  good  seed.  Ceil  the  roof.  Seal  tafl 
letter.  Seel  the  eyes  of  the  hawk.  A  painted  ceiling.  Sealing-wax.  A 
dark  cell.     We  buy  and  sell.     The  seller  of  stolen  goods  live.1  in  a  cellar. 

G.  He  sent  for  his  ten  per  cent,  dividend,  llie  scent  of  the  rose.  Ceri 
the  cork.  A  sere  leaf  Sear  the  wound.  He  calls  himself  a  seer.  Con* 
gress  is  in  session.  The  Indians  made  a  cession  of  land.  A  chaste  design. 
Dogs  chased  a  wolf  Cite  the  passage.  A  site  for  a  cottage.  Her  eyesigK 
fails.  The  cat's  claws.  A  clause  in  a  will.  A  pleasant  clime.  Climb  th*. 
mast     Coarse  cloth.     Cheap,  of  course, 

7.  A  kernel  of  corn  for  Colonel  B .     A  full  complement  of  men 

My  compliments  to  j- our  aunt.  A  musical  chord.  A  cord  of  wood.  Whip 
cord.  The  core  of  an  apple.  A  military  corps.  My  coat  is  in  the  sheep- 
oote.  Cousin,  you  cannot  cozen  me.  Why  creak  the  door  ?  He  fished  it 
the  creek.  The  crews  returned  from  a  long  cruise.  Cruel  Susan,  pu 
down  your  crewel.     A  cygnet  or  young  swan.     A  signet  ring. 

8.  Deign,  noble  Dane,  to  hear  us.  -  No  Dey  of  Algiers  reigns  to-day 
Come,  dear,  and  see  the  deer.  Wet  with  dew.  My  note  falls  due.  A  dire 
event.  A  shawl  for  the  dyer.  The  doe  runs.  Bake  the  dough.  Cash 
the  draft.  A  draught  horte.  A  draught  of  ale.  A  dram  drinker.  Eight 
drams  make  an  ounce.  A  drachm  was  a  Grecian  silver  coin.  A  cow  of  a 
dun  cclor.  He  ran  from  a  dun.  You  have  done  it.  Dust  to  dust.  Dost 
thcu  dare  ?  Earn  your  bread.  An  urn  for  tea.  Must  she  die  ?  rye  the 
eloth,    A  ewe  *  is  a  female  sheep. 

9.  I  would  fain  know  why  you  feign  illness.  The  fane  at  Eph'csua 
Did  she  fiint  ?  All  a  feint  !  Fair  ladies,  pay  your  fare.  It  was  my  fate 
to  bo  ill  the  day  of  the  fete.  To  jump  ten  feet  is  a  feat  indeed.  Filter  the 
river  water.  A  love  philter.  Philip,  why  that  fillip  with  ycur  fingew? 
A  flea  made  me  flee.     Find  the  man  who  was  fined  for  smoking 

*  Am  thii  word  bogins  with  the  oonsonant  sound  of  y,  it  haf  a  before  it  vt4 


¥rORDS   SOUNDED   ALIKE.  129 

JO  The  bird  flew  up  the  flue.  A  barrel  of  flour.  A  fragrant  flower 
Fcrt  Ticonderoga.  Dancing  is  not  my  forte.  A  fourth  time  I  went  forth. 
A  foul  deed.  A  fat  fowl.  A  strange  phrase.  Frays  in  the  street.  Hang 
thy  fur  cloak  on  the  fir  tree.  Freeze  the  cream.  Frieze  the  cloth.  An 
ornamented  frieze.  Illy  dog  has  two  hind  feet,  and  fore  feet  besides  ;  yet 
he  has  only  four  feet  lie  was  wrapt  in  furs.  A  hill  overgrown  with 
furze. 

11.  Throw  down  thy  gage.  Gauge  the  cask.  Bitter  as  gall.  Ancient 
Gaul.  He  walked  on  with  a  peculiar  gait  to  the  great  gate.  An  iron 
grate.  A  nutmeg  grater.  A  greater  than  Cxsar.  A  grease  spot.  The 
isles  of  Greece.  How  Laura  has  grown  !  I  heard  a  groan.  I  guessed  it 
was  from  the  strange  guest.  Grieves  he  for  aught  ?  Greaves  are  for  the 
legs. 

12.  The  hale  man  said  to  ihc  hail  storm,  All  hail .  They  met  in  tiie 
halL  Haul  in  the  rope.  Auburn  hair.  Hounds  chase  the  hare.  The 
hunter  shot  the  hart  through  the  heart.  Hey,  boys  !  what  say  you  to 
getting  in  the  hay  —  eli  ?  She  hurt  her  heel,  and  asked  him  to  heal  it. 
Let  them  come  here  and  hear  me  sing  the  hymn.  I  heard  the  lowing  of  a 
herd  of  cattle.  Master  Hugh,  you  may  hew  down  that  yew  tree  of  the 
dark  hue.     Hide  and  seek.     She  hied  to  school. 

13.  Hie  along.  High  tide.  I  know  those  who  will  hire  ne  at  highei 
wages.  A  hoard  of  money.  A  horde  of  savages.  Ho  !  ye  that  hoe  in  the 
field.  The  hoes  for  hoeing  are  in  the  barn.  Here  are  the  hose  for  your 
feet  I  was  a  whole  day  digging  that  hole.  The  holy  man  must  be  wholly 
Bincere.  Drive  hoop.  Come  with  a  whoop,  and  come  with  a  call.  Our 
school  will  not  begin  for  an  hour.     Huzza  !  cried  the  hussar 

14.  I'll  wait  in  the  inn.  The  Isle  of  Man.  They  will  indict  him  for 
forgery.  Take  your  pen  ;  I  will  indite.  She  will  jam  her  finger.  Point 
out  the  jamb  of  a  fireplace.  Be  just,  and  fear  not.  A  joust,  or  mock 
fight.  The  knave  tried  to  kill  him  in  a  lime-kiln..  What  is  the  nave  of  a 
wheel  ?  Of  a  church  ?  Knead  the  bread.  A  time  of  need.  He  walks  in 
kneed.  He  inveighed  against  the  men  who  are  going  to  invade  Ireland 
I  knew  the  coat  was  not  new.  He  knows  he  has  a  nose.  Dark  as  nighl 
was  the  steed  of  the  knight.  Why  not  untie  the  knot  ?  He  laid  down  hi« 
gun,  and  began  to  lade  the  ship.  He  then  lay  down  to  sleep.  He  had 
lain  an  hour  in  the  lane.  The  lapse  of  time.  The  cat  laps  milk.  Lax 
morals.  He  lacks  strength.  We  strolled  over  the  lea.  A  lee  shore.  A 
leech  in  a  vial.     Leach  the  ashes. 

1 5.  Pluck  the  leaf.  Would  you  as  lief  walk  ?  Stop  the  leak.  John  ate 
a  leek.  He  led  me  through  a  lead  mine.  Lean  on  my  arm.  I  have  a  lien 
on  his  estate.  Lessen  the  lines  of  my  lesson.  A  levy  of  troops.  I  was 
present  at  her  levee.  I  hate  a  lie.  Of  lye  we  make  soap.  The  limb  of  a 
tree.     Limn  it  on  canvas.     The  eyes  of  a  lynx.     The  links  of  a  chain.     A 


130  WORDS    SOUNDED   ALIKE. 

boaTj  load.  A  lode,  or  metallic  vein.  The  cows  lowed,  a  lo'Jeetonc.  A 
lone  woman  A  state  loan.  Lock  tbe  door.  Wc  sailed  on  a  Scottish  loch. 
Lo  !  low  lies  the  hero  !    The  music  of  the  lyre.     Shame  on  the  liar  ! 

16.  The  maid  made  a  mistake.  The  male  passenger  sent  his  letter  by 
mail.  The  main  chance.  A  lion's  mane.  The  lord  of  the  manor  has  a 
gracious  manner.  A  man  of  mark.  Letters  of  marque.  United  Statci 
Marshal.  Martial  music.  Maize  is  Indian  corn.  Lost  in  a  maze.  Tastfl 
the  mead.  The  meed  of  thy  exertions.  What  mean  you  ?  A  lofty  mJcn. 
Carve  the  meat.  When  shall  wo  meet  again  ?  With  what  measure  ye 
mete.  While  a  minor  he  labored  as  a  miner  in  Iowa.  I  missed  you  in  the 
mist. 

17.  You  might  give  me  a  mite.  A  mighty  man.  Mity  cheese.  A 
mown  field.  A  loud  moan.  A  mote  in  the  eye.  A  moat  around  a  castle 
f  he  patient  raised  a  quantity  of  mucus,  i^jacous  matter.  The  cat  mews 
lUuse  on  his  fate.  Did  the  horse  neigh  ?  Nay  !  I  gave  him  a  nice  bit  o* 
gneiss.  A  nit  in  the  hair.  Knit  the  purse.  A  veiled  nun.  None  are  left 
Iron  ore.  An  oar  for  the  boat.  O'er  the  lake  we  go.  He  won  one  prize 
He  wrote  an  ode.     He  owed  rae  money.     0,  did  he  owe  you?    Oh,  despair 

18.  Pale  features.  Paul,  fill  the  pail.  A  sable  pall.  Panes  of  glass. 
Pains  in  the  head.  She  tried  to  pare  a  pear  with  a  pair  of  scissors.  The 
dog's  paws.  Pause,  and  reflect.  Peace,  ye  brawlers  !  A  piece  of  bread. 
The  higliest  peak.  A  feeling  of  pique.  A  peal  of  thunder.  Orange  peeL 
Pearl  breast-pins.  The  streams  purl.  The  noble  peer  built  a  pier.  A  lead 
penciL     A  pensile  garden.     A  plain  statement.     My  carpenter's  plane. 

19.  A  plate  of  fruit.  A  metal  plate.  Plait  my  ruff.  Please  attend. 
The  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  A  ripe  plum.  Plumb  the  wall.  A  barber's 
pole.  Poll  the  votes.  Pour  out  the  tea.  The  poi-cs  of  the  skin.  Safe  in 
port.  The  Sublime  Porte.  Pray  to  be  good.  A  bird  of  prey.  Pumice 
Btonc.  A  pomace  of  apples.  California  quarta.  Eight  quarts  of  oiL  A 
quire  of  p^per.     The  choir  sang. 

20.  On  the  rack.  Prom  wrack  we  make  kelp.  Rain  fell.  Rein  in  the 
«olt.  Tbe  Reign  of  Terror.  Raze  the  building.  Raise  the  fallen.  The 
van's  rays.  A  rap  for  your  knuckles.  Wrap  thy  old  cloak  about  thee 
tie  read  from  a  book  with  red  covers.  Can  you  read?  A  reed  shaken  by 
the  wind.  The  wreck  of  a  ship.  What  reck  I?  They  reek  with  perspir*. 
tiou.  Why  wreak  your  vengeance  on  me  ?  Rest  here.  Wrest  the  bowid 
knife  from  hi  3  clutch.  Succor  the  wretch.  The  modlolne  makes  him  i-etch. 
A  rice  field.  A  rise  in  the  price  of  land.  The  rigger  treated  me  with  too 
much  rigor.  Windows  covered  with  rime.  A  rhyme  for  it  is /i me.  Ring 
ihe  boU.     Wring  out  the  cloth. 

21.  T)o  right,  come  what  may.  Write  to  the  shipwright.  The  sacra 
mcnt  IB  a  holy  rite.  We  rowed  up  the  river,  while  they  rode  along  the 
read,     ii  row  on  the  pond     Tho  roe  of  a  smelt    I  wrote  a  page.    I  leara« 


'      WORDS    SOUNDED    ALIKE.  "     131 

it  by  rote.  The  enemy  were  |>at  to  rout.  What  route  do  you  take  ?  Undei 
the  rose.  Six  rows  of  elms.  A  rude  boy.  The  holy  rood.  Rough  weather 
A  cleoa  ruff.  They  rung  the  bells,  and  wrung  out  the  towels.  A  wry  face. 
Rye  bread. 

22.  For  sale.  Ships  under  sail.  I  have  seen  the  fish  that  were  caught 
in  a  seine.  A  fair  scene.  You  can  see  the  sea.  The  ships  seem  near.  A 
coarse  seam.  Seize  the  present.  On  the  high  seas.  She  sees  a  star.  A 
Russian  serf.  A  boat  swamped  in  the  surf.  A  coat  of  serge.  The  roarings 
of  the  surge.  Sheer  nonsense.  Shear  the  sheep.  A  pair  of  shears.  Sheers 
for  raising  weights.     The  sun  shone.     A  picture  was  shown. 

23.  She  sighed  to  quit  my  side.  A  good  sign.  The  sine  of  an  arc.  A 
thick -skull.  Scull  the  boat.  A  drive  in  a  sleigh.  Though  He  slay  me, 
yet  will  I  trust  Him.  A  loose  sleeve.  Sleave  the  threads.  They  slew  the 
fugitive.  Slue  the  sleigh  round.  A  sleight  of  hand.  A  slight  illness.  At 
a  slow  rate.  Sloe  berries.  The  sole  of  the  foot.  The  immortal  soul.  Sow 
the  seed.  Is  it  so  you  sew  my  sleeve  ?  Eagles  soar.  A  sore  lip.  She  had 
a  staid  demeanor.     He  stayed  some  time. 

24.  Why  stare  as  you  go  up  stairs  ?  A  beef  steak.  Drive  the  stake  in 
the  earth.  I  have  all  at  stake.  Step  on.  The  steppes  of  Asia  are  like  our 
prairies.  Steal  not.  A  steel  chain.  Climb  the  stile.  A  style  of  writing 
The  stoop  of  a  house.  Stoop  lower.  A  stoup  of  wine.  A  narrow  strait 
A  straight  path.  Straighten  the  lead  pipe.  In  straitened  circumstances. 
Do  it  straightway.  A  sweet  peach.  One  of  the  prince's  suite.  Succor  the 
sufi'ering.  Pull  up  those  suckers.  Some  boys  would  do  that  sum  men- 
tally.    Mr.  Gay's  eldest  son  was  sun-struck. 

25.  A  tale-bearer.  A  fox's  tail.  Tear  up  the  tares.  The  dog  tax. 
Tacks  for  the  carpet.  He  drives  a  team.  These  ponds  teem  with  fish.  A 
tier  of  boxes.  She  shed  tears.  There  they  left  their  horses.  He  threw  the 
oat  through  the  window.  A  throe  of  pain.  Throw  a  quoit  lie  throws  it 
well.  Throes  of  anguish.  The  king  *sat  on  his  throne.  They  wrestled, 
and  he  was  thrown.     High  tide.     They  tied  his  hands. 

26.  It  is  time  to  pluck  the  thyme.  They  towed  the  boat.  Toads  are 
harmless.  He  hurt  his  toe.  A  load  of  tow.  Tliey  told  the  sexton,  and  he 
tolled  the  bell.  Two  o'clock.  Too  late.  They  toled  along  the  fish  by 
throwing  bait.  A  desert  tract.  They  tracked  him  through  the  snow.  A 
tea  tray.  The  trey  of  clubs.  A  shady  vale.  She  wears  a  veil  (or  vail). 
Bee  the  veins  in  her  neck.     A  vain  attempt.     The  vane  on  the  steeple. 

27.  Boys  wade  in  the  stream.  They  weighed  the  gold.  A  wail  of 
Borrow.  Cloth  woven  with  a  wale.  The  creaking  wain.  The  moon  is  on 
Che  wane.  Wait  a  moment.  The  weight  of  an  ox.  Waste  not,  want  not 
A  siira  waist.  Hard  ware.  Why  wear  that  cap  ?  The  ocean  wave.  Waive 
the  question.  This  is  the  way.  Weigh  the  meat.  Once  »  week.  A  weak 
woman.  She  will  w  ^an  the  infant,  I  ween.  Fine  weather.  The  bell-vethef 
of  the  Qock      Would  you  go?     A  cord  of  wood. 


132  WORDS   NEARLY   SDHLAR   IN   SOUND. 


WORDS  NEARLY  SIMILAR  IN  SOUND. 

there  arc  shades  of  diflfcrcncc,  which  a  good  speaker  will  regard 
in  his  enunciation,  in  most  of  the  words  here  coupled 

1.  Alms,  arms  ;  a-loud,  al-lowed  ;  bar'on,  bar- 
ren ;  borough,  burrow ;  bri'dal,  bri'dle ;  calk, 
cork  ;  candid,  can' died  ;  cap'i-tal,  cap'i-tol ;  carat, 
carrot ;  censor,  cen'ser  ,  collar,  cholcr  ;  council, 
counsel  ;  coun'cil-or,  counsel- or  ;  currant,  cur- 
rent ;   cyin'bal,  sym'bol. 

2.  De-serf,  des-sert' ;  dual,  duel ;  for'mal-ly, 
for'mer-ly  ;  gam'ble,  gam'bol  ;  grisly,  gris/'ly  ; 
i  die,  i'dol ;  laud,  lord  ;  lin'e-a-ment,  lin'i-ment ; 
low'cr,  lore  ;  mat'rass,  mat'tress  ;  met'al,  met'tle  ; 
med'al,  med'dle  ;  missile,  mis'sal ;  ot'tar,  ot'ter. 

3.  Ped'al,  ped'dle  ;  pend'ant,  pend'ent ;  pis' til, 
pistol ;  pit'ied,  pit'ted  ;  prin'ci-pal,  prin'ci-ple ; 
profit,  proplvet ;  roar,  row'er  ;  sects,  sex  ;  sought, 
sort ;  stalk,  stork ;  sta'tion-a-ry,  sta'tion-er-y ; 
sub' tile,  suZ>'tle  ;  tal'ents,  tal'ons  ;  trav'el,  trav'ail ; 
vi'al,  vi'ol. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERaSES. 

1.  Carry  alms,  not  arms.  She  allowed  bim  to  speak  aloud.  The 
baron's  barren  acres.  The  bridal  fea.st.  A  bridle  for  the  horse.  Calk  the 
ship's  sides,  and  put  a  cork  in  the  jug.  I  said  a  candied y  not  a  candid 
tongue.  A  capital  crime  was  committed  in  the  capitol.  A  yellow  carrot, 
bu*,  not  a  carat  of  gold.  In  his  choler  he  threw  off  his  collar.  Currant 
wine.  Current  news.  A  councilor  is  a  member  of  a  council.  Call  the 
counselor  at  law. 

2.  A  dessert  spoon.  Never  desert  a  friend.  A  grisly  bear.  Gristly  moat 
Formerly  you  addressed  me  less  formally.  Expressive  lineaments.  Lini* 
incnts  for  rkcumatiam.     A  hair  mattress.     A  chemist's  matraos      ModilU 


WORDS   DIPFERINQ   IN   ACCENT.  133 

oot  with  m/  medal.    An  illuminated  missal.    He  threw  a  missile.     Dttar 
of  roses.     They  caught  an  otter. 

3.  A  pedal  for  the  piano-forte.  A  pendant  at  the  ear.  A  pendent 
rock.  She  pitied  me,  I  was  so  pitted  by  the  small-pox.  A  stationary  cart. 
The  stationer  sells  stationery.  Subtile  air.  A  subtle  rascal.  Religious 
sectp.  The  glory  of  her  sex.  The  prophet  found  neither  credit  nor  profit 
The  pistil  of  a  flower.  A  double-barreled  pistol.  lie  sought  a  soit  of  glue. 
A  man  without  principle.  The  principal  man  of  the  town  The  pedJlr ra 
peddle  wooden  wares.  A  bass  viol.  A  vial  of  medicine.  Her  travai  it 
ended.    We  will  travel  together. 


WORDS   DIFFERING    IN    ACCENT,   ETC. 

Many  English  words,  spelled  alike,  are  distinguished  only  by 
the  accent.  In  such  words,  when  dissyllables,  the  accent,  which 
in  the  noun  or  adjective  falls  on  the  Jirst,  in  the  verb  generally 
falls  on  the  second  syllable. 

EXAMPLES. 

1.  Ab'sent,   ab-sent' ;    ab'stract,  ab-stract ;   ae 
cent,  ac-cent ;    affix,  af-fix ;    at'trib-ute,  at-trib 
ute  ;     augment,    aug-ment ;     cem'ent,    ce-mcnt 
col'league,    col-league  ;     collect,    col-lect ;    com' 
pound,   com-pouncl ;    concert,  con-cert  ;   con  ere te 
con-crete  ;  conduct,  con-duct ;  confine,  con-fine  j 
conflict,  con-flict ;   conserve,  con-serve  ;   con'soitj 
con-sort ;   contest,   con-test ;   con  tract,  con-tract ; 
contrast,  con-trast ,  converse,  con- verse  ;  convert, 
con- vert ;   convict,  con-vict ;   convoy,  con-voy. 

2.  Desert,  de-5ert'  ;  des'cant,  des-cant ;  di'^cst, 
di  ^est ;  escort,  es-cort ;  essay,  es-say  ;  export, 
ex-port ;    ex' tract,   ex-tract ;    ferment,  fer-ment , 

12 


134  WORDS   DIFFEKINQ  IN   ACCENT. 

fre  qiient,  fre-quent ;  gallant,  gal-lant ;  im'port, 
im-port ;  im'press,  im-press  ;  incense,  in-cense  , 
increase,  in-crease ;  insult,  in-sult ;  in'ter-dict, 
In-ter-dict' ;  object,  ob-ject ;  perfume,  per-fume  ; 
permit,  pcr-mit ;  pervert,  per-vert ;  prefix,  pre- 
fix ;  prelude,  pre-lude  ;  prem'ise,  pre-mi^e  ;  pres'- 
a^e,  pre-sa^e ,  present,  pre-sent ;  produce,  pro- 
duce ;  proj'ect,  pro-ject ;  progress,  pro-gress  ^ 
pro'test,  pro-test. 

3.  Reb'el,  re-bel'  ;  rec'ord,  re-cord  ;  refuse, 
re-fu5e  ;  subject,  sub-ject ;  surname,  sur-name  ; 
survey,  sur-vey ;  torment,  tor-ment ;  transfer, 
trans-fer  ;  trans'port,  trans-port ;  upstart,  up-start. 

In  the  following  words,  the  nouns  have  the  closing  s  aspirate  (as 
in  so),  while  the  verbs  have  it  soft,  as  in  his. 

4.  A-buse,  a-bu5e  ;   close,  close  ;  dif-fuse,  dif- 
fuse ;    ex-cuse,   ex-cuse ;    grease,   grease ;    house, 
house  ;  mouse,  mouse  ;  rise,  rise  ;  use,  use  ;  com' 
pro-mise,  com'pro-mise. 

In  the  following  words,  the  c  in  the  noun  becomes  an  s  in  the 
rerb :  ad-vice,  ad- vise ;  de-vice,  de-vise ;  proph'c-cy,  proph'e-sy. 
To  these  words  most  lexicographers  add  practice,  practise ;  but 
Webster  spells  both  noun  and  verb  alike  :  namely,  practice.  As 
there  is  no  difference  in  the  pronunciation,  this  seems  right. 

The  th  in  teeth,  as  a  plural  noun,  is  aspirate  (as  in  thin) ;  as  a 
verb,  it  is  vocal  (as  in  this).  The  i  in  lice,  when  an  adjective,  Is 
long ;  when  a  verb,  it  is  short  In  cojjipac'  (a  noun)  the  accent 
IS  on  the  first  syllable ;  but  on  tnc  second  when  it  is  an  adjective. 
In  (jal'lant,  meaning  brave,  A?.,  the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable 
In  yal-lant^,  meaning  polite,  the  accent  is  on  the  second.  Id 
Alt' gust,  the  name  of  a  month,  the  accent  is  on  the  first ;  in  the 
adjective  au-gus^,  on  the  second. 


^ORDS   DIFFERING   IN   ACCENT.  135 

In'va-lid  (a  uoun)  has  the  accent  on  the  first  syllable ;  as  an 
ftdjective  ^meaning  7mU)  it  is  accentuated  thus :  in-vaVid.  Tho 
Qoun  prec'e-dent  is  distinguished  in  a  similar  manner  from  the 
adjective  pre-cedent.  In  alternate  the  verb  has  the  accent  on 
the  first  syllable ;  the  adjective^  oa  the  second. 

In  the  words  al-hj  and  ro^manc^  the  accent  is  on  the  lasr 
syllabic,  whether  they  are  nouns  or  verbs. 

Accent  must  not  be  confounded  with  quantity.  In  the  sub- 
stantive com' pact,  and  the  adjective  cmn-pacf,  the  quantity  of  the 
/owels  is  the  same,  although  the  accent  of  the  syllables  is  difierent. 

DICTATION  AND  WRITING  EXERCISES. 

1.  Those  "w^ho  absent  themselves  are  absent.  An  abstract  noun.  He 
abstracted  the  money.  A  wrong  accent.  Accent  the  word.  Put  an  afl&x 
to  the  word.  Affix  your  signature.  An  attribute  of  deity.  Attribute  it 
to  the  right  cause.  A  charming  concert.  Concert  your  plans.  A  strong 
contrast.  Conti'ast  this  with  that.  A  convert  is  one  converted.  A  con- 
vict is  one  convicted  of  a  crime.  A  concrete  mass.  Concrpte  the  particles 
Pleasant  converse.     Let  us  converee. 

2.  Do  not  desert  us  in  the  desert.  An  escort  of  cavalry.  They  escorted 
the  governor.  His  first  essay.  He  essayed  in  vain.  An  export  duty. 
They  export  cotton.  An  extract  from  Addison.  Extract  the  tooth.  The 
town  is  in  a  ferment.  Beer  ferments.  A  frequent  occurrence.  He  fre- 
quents bad  society.  A  sweet  perfume.  It  perfumes  the  air.  A  base 
insult.  Insult  no  one.  Do  you  object  ?  A  wretched  object.  He  presents 
some  presents.  The  project  failed.  He  will  project  another.  I  protest 
against  it.  Your  protest  will  not  be  heeded  Let  me  premise.  Your 
premises  are  fallacious. 

3.  A  rebel  is  one  who  rebels.  Record  the  date.  Search  the  records. 
A  basket  for  refuse  paper.  Refuse  the  gift.  A  subject  for  a  poem.  Man 
subjects  animals  to  his  use.  A  survey  of  land.  Sur\ey  the  field.  He  suf. 
fered  torments.  Why  torment  her  ?  A  transport  ship.  You  transport 
me  by  the  good  news. 

4.  He  heeds  not  her  abuse.  Do  not  abuse  him.  A  close  atmosphere. 
Close  the  door.  A  diffuse  style.  The  furnace  diffuses  warmth.  A  pool 
excuse.  Excuse  her.  A  pot  of  grease.  Grease  the  wheels.  They  effected 
a  compromise.  Compromise  the  matter.  The  invalid's  agreement  was 
k  valid.  A  gallant  ship.  He  was  quite  gallant  to  the  ladies.  The  monib 
of  .\ugu3t.     An  august  presence. 


136  RULES   FOB   SPELLma. 


IIULES    FOR   SPELLING. 

1.  Words  of  one  syllable  ending  with  any  consonant  but/,  /,  or  c 
preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  do  not  double  the  final  consonant;  ua 
man  J  bcd^  ham. 

Exceptions.  —  Add,  burr,  butt,  buzz,  ebb,  e^g^ 
err,  inn,  odd. 

2.  Words  of  one  syllable  ending  wich  /,  /,  or  5,  preceded  by  a 
Bingle  vowel,  double  the  final  consonant ;  as,  stiffs  full  ^  class. 

Exceptions.  —  A5,  has,  his,  if,  is,  gas,  of,  this, 
thus,  yes,  us,  was. 

3.  Words  ending  in  silent  e  drop  «  on  taking  an  additional 
syllable  beginning  with  a  vowel ;  as,  have^  kav'ing ;  cure^  cur'a-ble ; 
sense,  sens'i-ble. 

Blame,  move,  reprove,  sale,  and  their  compounds,  arc  some- 
times, though  improperly,  made  to  retain  e  before  able.  The 
proper  spelling  is  llamable,  &c. 

Words  ending  in  ge  and  ce  retain  e  before  able,  in  order  to 
preserve  the  soft  sounds  of  g  and  c  (the  sounds  of  j  and  s) ;  as, 
changeable,  peaceable,  &c.  Wo  write  singeing,  springeing,  and 
swingeing,  to  distinguish  these  words  from  si?iging,  springing 
aiid  sioinging. 

Dye  has  dyeing,  to  distinguish  it  from  dying ;  but  eye  has 
eying. 

The  e  is  retained  in  verbs  ending  in  oe  and  ee  ;  as,  shoe,  shoe- 
ing ;  fioe,  luoeing  ;  toe,  toeiiig  ;  see,  seeing  ;  agree,  agreeing,  &e. 

Words  ending  with  c  hard  insert  k  before  a  syllable  beginning 
with  e  or  i,  to  preserve  the  hard  sound ;  as,  frolic,  frolicked 
frolick-ing ;  phy^'ic,  phys'ickcd,  phy^'ick-ing. 

Words  ending  in  ie  change  the  ie  into  y  on  adding  ing  ;  as 
me,  vying  ;  tie,  tying  ;  lie,  lying  ;  hie,  hying  ;  die,  dying. 

.  EXAMPLES. 

Ad-mire,  ad'mi-ra-ble  ;  a-dore,  a-dor'a-ble  ;  ad 
^*e,    ad-vi'sa-ble ;     blame,    bla'ma-ble ;.    censure 


RULES   FOR   SPELLING.  131 

censa-ra-ble  ;  corn-pare,  com'pa-ra-ble  ,  con-oeive 
con-ceiv'a-ble  ;     con-sume,     con-su'ma-ble  ;     con- 
vince,   con-vin'ci-ble  ;     cure,    cur'a-ble ;     de-bate, 
de-ba'ta-ble  ;   de-cline,  de-cli'na-ble  ;   de-duce,  de 
du  ci-ble  ;   de-fme,  de-fi'na-ble  ;  de-plore,  de-plOr 
a-ble  ;    de-scribe,   de-scriba-ble  ;    de-sire,  de  sir 
?.-ble  ;    dis-pute,    dis'pu-ta-ble ;    ex-cuse,    ex-  cu 
sa-ble  ;    force,  for  ci-ble  ;  fuse,  fu'si-ble  ;  ig-nite, 
ig-ni'-ti-ble  ;  im-a^'ine,  im-a^'i-na-ble. 

Im-prove,  im-prova-ble  ;  im-pute,  im-pu ta-ble  ; 
mis-take,  mis-ta'ka-ble  ;  move,  mov'a-ble ;  note, 
no' ta-ble  ;  ob-serve,  ob-serv'a-ble  ;  pal'ate,  pal'a- 
ta-ble  ;  pro-cure,  pro-cur  a-ble  ;  prove,  prov  a-ble  ; 
rate,  ra'ta-ble ;  rec'on-cile,  rec-on-ci'la-ble ;  re- 
duce, re-du  ci-ble  ;  re-move,  re-mov'a-ble  ;  re-pute, 
rep'u-ta-ble ;  re-solve,  re-solv'a-ble  ;  re-verse,  re- 
vers'i-ble ;  sale,  sa'la-ble  ;  sense,  sens'i-ble  ;  size, 
d'za-ble  ;  tame,  ta'ma-ble  ;  tithe,  ti7/ta-ble  ;  val'- 
le,  val'u-a-ble. 

Exceptions. — A-gree'a-ble,  chan^e'a  -ble,  cbar^e'- 
a-ble,  dam'ai/e-a-ble,  man'a(/e-a-ble,  no'tice -a-ble, 
peace'a  ble,  service- a-ble,  trace'a-ble 

EXAMPLES. 
Add  ing  to  the  following  words,  in  accordance  with  Rule  3. 

Bathe,  bribe,  change,  chase,  come,  cringe,  dance, 
fife,  gore,  grieve,  hin^e,  like,  lod^e,  pa^/e,  pino^ 
probe,  ride,  shame,  snore,   splice,  snueeze,  take, 
tease,  trace,  trade,  tire,  wane,  wed^e,  wmce. 
12* 


138  RULES   FOR   SPELLINQ 

Add  lik^  y,  amXy  or  aZ,  to  the  followmg  words,  in  accordano€ 
mih.  Eiilc  3. 

Ish.  Brute,  knave,  pale,  rogue,  slave,  swine, 
thieve,  whi:e.  — r  Y,  Able,  double,  fleece,  idle, 
juice,  plague,  noble,  scale,  shade,  spice.  —  Artec, 
Assure,  continue,  contrive,  endure,  grieve,  insure 
observe,  persevere,  pursue.  —  Al.  Arrive,  bride, 
dispose,  fes'tive,  nature,  propose,  refuse,  revive, 
u'ni- verse. 

4.  Words  ending  in  silent  c  generally  retain  e  on  receiving  an 
additional  syllable  beginning  with  a  consonant ;  as  movement ^ 
a-chieve'ment. 

Exceptions.  —  Awful,  argument,  abrid^ent 
acknowledgment,  judgment,  duly,  truly,  wholly. 

EXAMPLES. 

Add  fid,  less,  ly,  ment,  or  7iesSy  to  the  following  words,  in 
accordance  with  llulc  4. 

Ful,  Hope,  peace,  rue,  shame,  spite,  tune, 
wake,  waste.  —  Less.  Care,  cease,  cure,  force, 
grace,  life,  name,  shame,  shape.  —  Ly.  Bare,  home, 
late,  mere,  rude,  safe,  sa^e,  tame,  wide,  wise.  — 
Ment,  Ad-vance,  com-mence,  en-cour'a/jre,  en-tice, 
en-ga^e,  in-duce,  manage,  re-fine.  —  Ness,  Base, 
feeble,  hoarse,  i'dle,  lame,  lar//e,  like,  pale,  ripe, 
rude. 

5.  Words  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  consonant  change  the  y  to 
before  any  augmen*  but  '*,  or  one  beginning  with  i. 

Exceptions  —  The  derivatives  of  dry  and  shf/ 
retain  the  y  ;  as,  dryly,  shyly  ;  dryness,  shyness 
&o 


RULES   FOR   SPELLINa.  139 


EXAMPLES. 

Add  the  augments  csf^  cSj  cth,  and  ed,  severally,  to  the  following 
verbs,  in  accordance  with  Eule  5 ;  thus,  f/ldri-fy,  gld ri-fi-est^ 
qldri-Jies,  (jld ri-fi-cih,  gldri-Jied. 

Am'pli-fj,  ap-ply,  cer'ti-fy,  clar'i-l'y,  com  ply^ 
cru'ci-fy,  cry,  de-cry,  de'i-fy,  de-scry,  de-fy,  de-ny, 
digni-fy,  cd'i-fy,  es-py,  for'ti-fy,  fry,  grat'i-fy, 
im-ply,  in-dem'ni-fy,  just'i-fy,  mag'ni-fy,  mod'i-fy, 
mol'li-fy,  mor'ti-fy,  multi-ply,  no'ti-fy,  oc'cu-py, 
ply,  propli'e-sy,  pry,  pu'ri-fy,  qual'i-fy,  ram'i-fy, 
rat'i-fy,  rcc'ti-fy,  re-ply,  sanc'ti-fy,  sat'is-fy,  scar'- 
i-fy,  sim'pli-fy,  spy,  stu'pe-fy,  sup-ply,  test'i-fy, 
\;£Yy  vcr'i-fy,  viv'i-fy. 

Add  er,  est,  fid,  less,  Zz/,  or  7iess,  to  the  following  words,  in 
accordance  with  Hule  5. 

Er,  est,  and  li/.  Busy,  cra'zy,  clum'^y,  dainty, 
ea'sy,  gid'dy,  greed'y,  hap'py,  luck'y,  merry,  ready, 
sha'dy,  speedy,  stinV/y,  tar dy,  ti'dy,  wor//i'y.  — 
FuL  Fancy,  pity.  —  Less.  Mercy,  pit'y,  rcm'e-dy. 
—  Ness,    Bu5'y,  dainty,  gid'dy,  greed'y,  read'y. 

G.  When  a  rowel  precedes  the  y  final,  or  when  inr/  is  added,  the  y 
IB  generally  retained. 

Exceptions.  —  Paid,  laid,  lain,  saith,  said,  and 
most  of  their  compounds,  as  un-paid,  mis-laid. 
Dai'lij  is  also  a  frequent  exception.  Gayhj  and 
^aije-tij  are  generally  spelled  as  here  given. 

EXAMPLES. 

Add  ing  to  the  verbs  given  in  the  examples  under  Eulo  5. 
Add  s,  ed,  er,  and  ing,  severally,  to  the  following  vcrbs;  in  accord 
•nee  with  Rule  6. 


140  RULES   FOR   SPELLINa. 

Be -tray,  de-lay,  de-stroy,  era-ploy,  en-joy,  play. 

7.  Words  of  one  syllable,  and  words  accented  on  the  last  syllable 
ending  with  a  single  consonant,  preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  doublf 
that  consonant  on  taking  an  augment  beginning  with  a  vowel. 

Exceptions.  —  The  derivatives  of  gas  have  only 
one  s  ;  as,  gases,  O^si-fy.  Xy  h,  and  k,  are  never 
doubled  in  English  words  ;  as,  wax,  waxen. 

EXAMPLES. 

Add  ed  and  my,  severally,  to  the  following  verbs,  in  accordance 
with  Rule  7. 

A-bet',  ac-quit,  ad-mit,  al-lot,  be-fit,  blot,  bud, 
chat,  coni-mit,  dot,  fit,  im-bed,  per-mit,  plot,  quit, 
send,  sub-mit,  wed.  (In  the  following,. when  ed  is 
added,  the  e  before  the  final  d  is  silent.)  An-nul', 
beg,  brag,  con-trol,  de-bar,  de-mur,  dis-til,  drum, 
ex-tol,  ex-pel,  hem,  hop,  hum,*  im-pel,  lag,  mob, 
flap^  pro-pel,  rob,  rub,  sin,  sob. 

Add  er,  ar,  or^  y,  est,  to  the  following  words,  in  accordance 
V/ith  Rule  7. 

Er,  Be-gin,  big,  drum,  rob,  rub,  run,  stab, 
bwim.  —  Ar.  Beg.  —  Or.  Abet. —  Y.  Crag,  gum, 
nkin,  shrub,  smut. — Est.    Big,  M,  glad,  red,  sad. 

8.  Lut  if  there  are  two  final  consonants,  or  two  vowels  preceding 
a  fnia-  consonant  —  likewise  if  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable, 
or  if  the  accent  is  shifted  —  no  doubling  takes  place.* 

EXAMPLES. 
Add  ed  or  ing  to  the  following  words,  under  the  foregoing 
Rale.     (Heed  the  sound  of  ^  taken  by  d,  after  an  appirato  cod- 

•  The  word  ex-cel  departs  from  thia  rule  in  ea'cel-lence.  But  In  prtT^-tnc^ 
%'tereKce,  Ao.,  the  rule  h>ldl. 


RULES   FOR   SPELLma.  141 

sonant  sound;   as  in  cuffed^  stripped^  missed,  &c.,  pronounced 
niff,  stript,  mist,  &c.     Sec  page  116.) 

Call,   chill,  con-fess,  cufF,    cull,   dis-tress,  ebb, 
on-gross,  err,  fell,  fill,  gall,  hiss,  hurl,  im-press, 
kill,  loll,   op-press,  pass,  puff,  pull,  quaif,  quell, 
re-press,  roll,  scoff,  shell,  smell,  snuff,  spell,  spill 
Lhrill,  till,  trans-gress,  trill,  will,  yell. 

Beam,  beat,  boil,  cheat,  clean,  com-plain,  cool, 
strain,  pail,  gain,  heal,  heap,  join,  look,  mail, 
nail,  rail,  sneer,  spoil,  spout,  steam,  toil. 

Ballot,  ban'ter,  beck'on,  beggar,  ben'e-fit,  bi'as, 
big'ot,  billet,  cabin,  carpet,  com'bat,  cov'et, 
credit,  differ,  doc'tor,  en-vel'op,  ex-hiblt,  fat' ten, 
fid'(/et,  ui'ter,  forfeit,  gallop,  ^ib'bet,  harden,  in 
herit,  ^inilt,  murmur,  offer,  par'al-lel,  pil'fer, 
pilot,  prof fer>  profit,  rea'^on,  riv'et,  suffer,  tem'- 
per,  vi^lt,  waiu'scot,  worship. 

Remarks. — The  folloT»Ing  words  arc,  by  many  writers  and 
lexicographers,  regarded  as  exceptions  to  Rule  8,  and  arc  made 
to  double  the  final  consonant  before  ed,  ing,  &c.  But  this  devi- 
ation is  condemned  by  Lowth,  Walker,  Perry,  and  Webster ;  and 
present  usage  is  in  favor  of  the  reform  introduced  by  the  latter, 
under  which  these  words  are  spelled  in  accordance  with  Rule  8 ; 
thus,  trav'eled,  trav'el-ing,  trav'el-er  ;*  jew' el,  jew'el-er,  &c. 

Add  ed  or  ing  to  the  following : 

Ap-parel,  barrel,  bevel,  cancel,  carol,  cavil, 


•  Walker  says  :  "  An  ignorance  of  this  Rule  (Rule  8)  has  led  many  to 
write  bigotted  for  bigoted,  <fec,,  and  from  this  spelling  has  frequently  arisen  a 
felse  pronunciation  :  but  no  letter  seems  to  be  more  frequently  doubled  im« 
properly  than  /.  ^Vhy  we  should  write  libelling,  levelling,  revelling,  and  yat 
iffmring,  suffering,  reatoning,  I  am  totally  at  a  loss  to  determine." 


112  EULES   FOR   SPELLINd. 

channel,  chisel,  counsel,  cucl'^/el,  di'alj  di-shev'el, 
tlrivel,  duel,  em-bow'el,  en-am'el,  c'qutil,  gam'bolj 
gravel,  grov'cl,  hand'scl,  hatch'el,  im-pan'ncl, 
jew'el,  kennel,  kernel,  label,  laurel,  level,  li'bcl 
marshal,  marvel,  mod'el,  panel,  parcel,  pencil, 
peril,  pistol,  pommel,  quarrel,  ravel,  revel,  ri'val, 
row'el,  shov'el,  shrivel,  snivel,  tassel,  trammel, 
trav'el,  tunnel,  vict'wal. 

y.  "Words  envying  in  a  double  consonant  generally  retain  ]x)th 
consonants  on  receiving  an  addition. 

Remarks.  —  Some  words  ending  in  II  drop  one  I  before  less 
and  ly  ;  as,  skil'Icss,  fully ^  chilly,  squally.  But,  according  to 
Webster,  the  dcriva:'.v3S  of  dull,  skill,  will,  undfiill,  retain  the  U 
before  7i€ss  and  ful ;  as,  ihdlness,  fullness,  skillful,  loillful ; 
though  Walker  and  ether  lexicographers  place  but  one  I  in  the 
first  syllable  of  these  words.  In  the  words  dis-till,  fore-tell,  ful- 
fdl,  iu-stid,  Webster  retains  the  //  of  the  primitive  words  stUl^ 
tell,  fill,  inasmuch  as  it  must  be  retained  in  the  participles  and 
other  derivatives ;  as,  dis-till er^  fore-tellimj,  ful-fiUed,  &c.  But 
dis-till  SLudfiU'Jdl  are  frequently  spelled  with  but  one  final  L 

EXAMPLES. 

Add  the  aug^ion's  fid,  ly,  ness,  to  the  following  word?;  -n 
accordance  with  l^ilc  0. 

Fill.    Bliss,  dis-tresi?,  skill,  suc-cess,  will. — i^y 
Heedless,   gross,  restless,  useless.  —  Nese.    Care' 
less,  chill,  'dull,   full,  gro3S,  ill,  small,  stiff,  still, 
tall. 

10.  Compound  words  arc  usually  •ptJt  W  t?*e  s.*me  manner  as  th« 
Biinplc  words  of  wliich  they  are  composed  ;  as,  ko^ous^,  cow-yard^ 
doumfal*     But  /u//,  as  on  additional  syllable,  drops  one  / ;  as  hand"- 


RULES   FOR   SPELLINQ.  143 

ftdt    spoon' ful;  •    the  u  retaining    an    easy  sound  of    w  in  hull 
fu!l,  &c 

Exceptions. — An  e  is  dropped  in  wherever;  and 
words  ending  in  //  often  drop  one  /  in  composition , 
as  al-be'il,  al-mighty,  al-most,  al-read'y,  al'so,  al- 
though,   al-to-gcth' er J   al'ways^'  el'hov:^  un-til,  wef 
fare^  with-aL 

11.  The  plural  of  nouns  is  generally  formed  t>y  adding  5,  when  the 
Blngular  ends  with  a  sound  that  will  unite  with  the  sound  of  5:  as, 
lamp,  lamps ;  date,  dates ;  woe,  ivoes  :  or  by  adding  es,  or  s  having  the 
sound  of  es,  when  the  singular  ends  with  a  sound  that  will  not  unite 
with  the  sound  of*;  as, fox,  foxes ;  lens,  lenses;  torch,  torches;  rose 
roses;  Miss,  Misses;  excellence^  excellences. 

Nouns  having  any  other  ending  than  y  preceded  by  a  consonant 
or  than  /,  h,  o,  s,  x,  also  nouns  ending  in  silent  e,  form  their 
plurals  by  adding  5. 

AMicn  c  soft  (having  the  sound  of  s),  <j  soft  (having  the  sound 
of y),  or  5,  comes  before  silent  c,  a  syllabic  is  added  to  the  word ; 
as,  face,  faces ;  age,  dyes ;  case,  cases. 

Nouns  ending  in  ch  soft  (as  in  chest),  sh,  ss,  or  x,  form  thcit 
plurals  by  adding  es. 

EXAMPLES. 
Add  5 1  to  the  following  nouns  to  form  the  plural. 

Bag,  bar,  beam,  bed,  cork,  crew,  eel,  head, 
farm,  flood,  frog,  kick,  leg,  mob,  pair,  pearl,  pig, 
pulp,  sloop,  sound,  street,  trout,  vein,  wall. 

Apple,  babe,  bribe,  cane,  cave,  duke,  fire, 
flame,  guide,  hive,  hope,  joke,  mule,  name,  rip'ple, 

*  Some  persons  gpcak  of  "  so  many  spoonsfuU,"  instead  of  "  so  many  spoon- 
fuls." The  rule  on  this  subject  is  :  Compounds  ending  in  ful,  and  all  those  in 
irhich  the  principal  word  is  put  last,  form  the  plural  in  the  same  manner  as 
other  nouns,  —  aa  handfuls,  spoonfuls^  moiUhfulSf  Ac. 

t  See  page  1 18  in  regard  to  the  sound  of  «  aa  x. 


144  EULES   FOR   SPELLING. 

rufllfe,  skate,  shoe,  sieve,  side,  sleeve,  stone,  valve 
wavij,  yoke,  zone. 

Ad-l  es  to  the  following  nouns,  ending  in  ch,  sh,  ss,  or  a^  to 
form  'ha  plural. 

J^rchy  batch,  bench,  blush,  box,  branch,  brooch, 
brush,  bunch,  bush,  church,  class,  coach,  crash, 
croys,  crutch,  dash,  dish,  flash,  fox,  gash,  glass, 
hatch,  hiss,  inch,  lash,  lass,  loss,  lynx,  march, 
match,  mesh,  peach,  perch,  pinch,  porch,  pouch 
sash,  scratch,  sex,  slash,  tax,  trench,  truss,  wish, 
wietch. —  Cru'ci-fix,  count'ess,  index,  ostrich^ 
parish. 

Add  s  in  writing,  but  the  sound  of  es  in  pronouncing,  to  fom 
the  plural  of  the  following.     (See  Paragraph  2,  under  Rule  11.) 

Bridge,  cheese,  furze,  gauze,  hin^e,  jud^e,  lease. 
mu5e,  noise,  place,  purse,  siege,  sluice,  surge. 

12.  Most  nouns  ending  in  o,  preceded  by  a  consonant,  form  th« 
plural  by  the  addition  of  e*;  as,  car^go^  car' goes;  ech'o,  cch'oes ;  hdro 
hefrocs;    mot' to,  mot' toes;    mu-lat'to,    mu-lat'toes ;    ne'gro,    ne'groes 
vo-ta'to,  po-taftoes  ;  sti-lci'to,  sti-lct'toes ;  vol-ca'?w,  vol-ca'nocs,  &c.    {Set 
page  52  for  words  ending  in  o.) 

Exceptions.  —  AVhere  o  is  preceded  by  a  vowel, 
as  in  trio,  cam'e-o,  s  only  is  added.  The  following 
also  are  commonly  written  in  the  plural,  with  5 
only :  Bravo,  canto,  du-o-dcci-mo,  grot'to,  halo, 
jicn'to,  man-i-festo,  me-mento,  por'ti-co,  quarto, 
oC'tavOf  so'lo,  two,  tyrOy  zero,  mus-qui'to, 

13.  Nouns  ending  in  v  preceded  by  a  consonant  form  their  plural 
by  changing  the  y  into  ies;  but  nouns  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a 
fowel  form  the  plural  r^ularly  by  the  addition  of  i. 


RULES   FOR   SPELLINQ.  145 

14.  The  following  nouns  ending  in  /,  or  /c,  folm  the  plural  by 
jhanging  tlieir  endings  into  ves :  beef,  beeves  ;  calf,  calves  ;  elf,  elves* 
half,  halves  ;  knife,  knives ;  leaf,  leaves ;  life,  lives  ;    loaf,  loaves 
self,  selves ;    sheaf,  sheaves ;    shelf,  shelves  ;    thief,  thieves ;    wife, 
wives ;  wolf,  wolves. 

15.  Other  nouns  ending  in/  or/e,  as  chief j  dwarf,  fife,  grief,  gulf^ 
hand'ker-chief,  hoof,  proof  re-proof  roof  safe,  scarf,  strife,  surf,  turf 
wharf,  and  most  of  those  ending  mJJ',  form  the  plural  regularly  ;  as, 
^u(f,  gulfs;  muff',  muffs;  wharf,  wharfs.  Staff  has  staves  in  the 
plural,  but  its  compounds  are  regular  ;  qj&,  flag' staff,  flag* staffs. 

EXAMPLES. 

Change  the  final  y  into  ies  in  the  plural,  in  the  following  nouns 
ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  cmummnt.  The  y  has  the  sound  of 
short  i  unaccented ;  the  ies  the  sound  of  iz,  or,  where  the  accent 
is  on  the  last  syllable,  of  iz, 

Ar my,  baby,  ber ry,  bod y,  city,  copy,  country, 
dai'^y,  fancy,  folly,  ^ip'sy,  jelly,  la'dy,  mercy, 
party,  pony,  poppy,  ru'by.  —  Al-ly',  re-ply,  sup- 
ply. 

A'(/en-cy,  ag'o-ny,  ar'te-ryj  calum-ny,  can o-py, 
cavi-ty,  cen'tu-ry,  chari-ty,  col'o-ny,  com'e-dy, 
compa-ny,  cru'el-ty,  de'cen-cy,  del-ty,  depu-ty, 
di'a-ry,  ecsta-sy,  ef'fi-^y,  el'e-^y,  en'e-my,  en- 
6^-5^7)  en'mi-ty,  eulo-^y,  exi-^en-cy,  fac'to-ry, 
fac'ul-ty,  faml-ly,  for/er-y,  galler-y  gwaran-ty, 
gro'cer-y,  bar  mo-ny,  her  e-sy,  his'to-ry,  inju-ry. 

Leg a-cy,  li'bra-ry,  lot'ter-y,  luxu-ry,  mal'a-dy 
mel'o-dy,  mis'er-y,  muti-ny,  ni'ce-ty,  or're-ry, 
paro-dy,  penal-ty,  pe'o-ny,  per'fi-dy,  pira-cy, 
poll-cy,  prodl-^y,  rarl-ty,  rem'e-dy,  rob'ber-y, 
sub'si-dy,  tenden-cy,  the'o-ry,  tra^'e-dy,  uni-ty, 
vani-ty,  vic'to-ry,  vo'ta-ry,  ex  cel-len-cy. 


140  RULES   FOB   SPELLING. 

In  the  following  nouns,  ending  in  y  preceded  by  a  vowd^  add 
(with  its  z  sound)  to  fonn  the  plural. 

Al-loy,  bay,  boy,  day,  dray,  de-cay,  de-lay,  dis 
play,  fray,  joy,  key,  ray,  toy,  way. 

Ab'bey,  alley,  at-torney,  chimney,  convoy^ 
dow'key,  envoy,  essay,  galley,  jockey,  jour'ney, 
kersey,  kid'ney,  lack'ey,  lam  prey,  med'ley,  mon'ey, 
mo;i'key,  os'prey,  puU'ey,  turkey,  turnkey,  valley, 
vice'roy,  volley. 

WRITING   AND  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

1.  There  are  no  eggs  in  the  inn.  A  full  class.  A  curable  diseat©. 
Salable  property.  She  is  blamable.  A  movable  rock.  Changeable  silk. 
A  serviceable  cloak.  Peaceable  neighbors.  The  boy  received  a  swingeing 
for  swinging  without  leave.  The  cook,  while  singeing  the  turkey,  is  sing- 
ing.    The  dyer  is  dyeing  my  mantilla.     The  cat  is  eying  a  blackbird. 

'2.  The  blacksmith  is  shoeing  a  horse.  Stop  frolicking,  boys  !  He  is 
hoeing  potatoes.  She  is  tying  a  knot.  He  is  lying  down.  A  debatable 
subject.  An  irreversible  decision.  Improvable  land.  Your  horse  is  not 
comparable  to  mine.  A  desirable  lot.  An  excusable  retreat.  An  indis- 
putable fact.  A  manageable  colt.  An  agreeable  person.  A  noticeable 
woman. 

3.  Bathing  in  the  river.  She  is  teasing  him  to  go.  He  is  cringing  to 
the  rich  man.  We  are  chasing  a  fox.  She  is  wincing  at  his  rebuke.  A 
juicy  peach.  He  is  lying  on  the  sofa.  They  are  frolicking  in  the  bam. 
The  doctor  is  physicking  the  patient.  In  pursuance  of  your  request,  1 
will  go.     A  universal  festival. 

4.  A  sudden  movement.  Illustrious  achievements.  That  which  ia 
awful  inspires  awe.  You  argue  the  point,  but  your  arguments  are  old.  A 
convenient  abridgment.  Accept  my  acknowledgment  for  your  judgment 
A  graceless  youth.  A  peaceful  assembly.  A  rueful  glance.  His  manage- 
ment  failed      Excuse  my  hoarseness.     My  engagements  forbid. 

5.  She  behaved  shyly.  He  certified  to  the  fact.  She  magnifies  ray 
merits.  The  dryness  of  the  atmosphere.  Thou  prophesiest.  The  clum- 
siest of  the  boys.  A  fanciful  project  A  remediless  complaint  Be  in 
readiness.  Busily  employed.  Which  horse  is  the  speedier?  A  pitileae 
master.  He  justified  hio  conduct  He  defieth  his  oppreflsort.  Thou  i©. 
nliest  not 


RULES   FOR   SPELLma.  147 

6  1  mislaM  the  paper-knife.  She  laid  her  hand  on  his  head.  He  lay 
down  gayly  on  the  floor.  Why  did  he  lie  down  ?  He  had  not  lain  long 
when  he  rose.  He  delayed  his  departure.  He  slays  his  thousands.  The 
Daily  Gazette.     Irrepressible  gayety.     The  destroyer  of  her  peace. 

7.  Unwholesome  gases.  A  waxen  image.  They  acquitted  the  prisoner 
He  is  blotting  his  book.  They  submitted  at  once.  He  annulled  the  con- 
tract. They  controlled  his  choice.  He*  demurred.  He  was  impelleil  to  do 
it.  They  are  extolling  his  conduct.  They  are  controlling  the  affair  The 
drummer  was  a  swimmer.  The  beggar  was  an  abettor  of  the  crime.  A 
shrubby  growth.     The  bigger  of  the  two.     The  fattest  of  the  three. 

8.  He  confessed  his  connivance.  They  lolled  in  their  chairs.  He 
engrossed  the  bill.  I  repressed  my  tears.  You  transgressed  the  bounds. 
He  spilled  the  soup.  They  are  toiling  at  the  oars.  They  are  balloting  for 
a  speaker.  She  enveloped  me  with  her  sliawl.  They  paralleled  the  act. 
You  are  forfeiting  my  esteem.  A  fattened  ox.  They  profited  by  my  igno- 
rance. He  riveted  the  chains.  A  tedious  visitor.  A  devout  worshiper. 
He  galloped  fast.  My  preference  is  for  her.  Its  excellence  is  plain. 
Lightly  appareled.  The  birds  caroled.  He  libeled  the  doctor.  Disheveled 
hair.  An  enameled  watch.  They  shoveled  the  snow.  The  jeweler  gam- 
boled. The  gambler  gambled.  The  traveler  periled  his  life.  They 
tunneled  the  hill,  and  leveled  the  mound. 

9.  A  successful  practitioner.  Fulfill  your  promise.  Instill  good  thoughts, 
A  skillful  mechanic.  She  ran  heedlessly  to  the  cars,  and  her  carelessness 
was  punished.  The  smallness  of  the  amount.  A  willful  temper.  She 
blundered  grossly. 

10.  Take  three  spoonfuls  of  the  liquid.  Shake  the  door-mat.  Two 
handfuls  of  corn.  Until  we  meet,  farewell.  Your  welfare  shall  be  my 
soncorn.  So  it  has  been  always,  albeit  you  are  altogether  bad  withal. 
Ihdr  Excellencies,  the  Governors,  had  many  excellences  of  character. 

11.  Roses  for  the  Misses  B .     Light  the  torches.    Six  cases  of  pre 

serves.  Six  i/ills  of  vinegar.  The  gills  of  a  fish.  Malapert  girb.  Goose- 
berry  pies.  Six  glasses  of  syllabub.  Ten  demijohns  of  vitriol.  Ripe 
musk-melons.  Silver  salt-cellars.  The  nightingales  sang.  The  purlieus 
of  the  State-house.  Numbers  were  massacred  (pronounced  mas'sa-kerd). 
Memoirs  of  Napoleon.  Battledoors  and  shuttlecocks.  Worsted  stockings. 
An-i-mal'cules  in  the  water.     The  thresholds  of  the  doors. 

12.  The  calicoes  were  cheap.  Sweet  potatoes.  The  bravos  had  stilet- 
toes. A  poem  in  ten  cantos.  Two  small  duodecimos.  Receive  them  aa 
mementos  of  my  affection.  The  General's  manifestos-  Beautiful  cameos. 
The  mulattoes  rose  against  the  negroes.  Volcanoes  in  a  state  of  eruption. 
The  porticos  ^ere  spacious.  Prolonged  ef/hoes.  The  manifestos  were  read 
uo  the  armies. 

13.  Daiaiea  in  bloom.    She  defies  his  calumnies.    The  oomediee  were 


148  PREnXES   AND   POSTFIXES. 

hissed  Prodigies  of  valor.  They  had  subsidies  from  the  enemy.  The 
chimneys  were  blown  down.  Volleys  of  musketry.  Lackeys  were  in  wait* 
in<;.  The  penalties  of  his  offences.  Parodies  of  the  poem  Bad  tendcnciea 
Che  is  in  ecstasies.  The  forgeries  were  discoveretl.  Task  all  your  energies 
They  sat  in  the  galleries.  The  deputies  are  here.  The  poppies  are  faded. 
The  rubies  sparkle.  Parties  are  divided.  The  jellies  are  too  soft.  The 
ponies  ran.     Our  allies  refuse  further  supplies.     The  chimnej-s  fell. 

14,  15.  Put  the  loaves  on  the  shelves.  With  knives  we  cut  the  apples  in 
halves.  Tlie  thieves  fled.  The  beeves  were  in  good  condition.  Ten  hand- 
kerchiefs. The  Southern  gulfs.  What  is  the  singular  of  staves?  The 
ships  are  at  the  wharfs.  The  dwarfs  were  exhibited.  Your  reproofs  pass 
unheeded.  Muffs  for  the  ladies.  The  flagstaffis  were  pulled  down.  Will 
their  strifes  never  end  7 


PREFIXES   AND   POSTFIXES. 

A  Prefix  is  that  which  is  "pid  lefore^  arid  a  Post  ix  [or  affix f  that 
which  is  put  after  arwther  word,  to  make  wit)  it  a  new  word 

1.  Prefixes  of  English  oe  Saxon  Oriois. 

A,  on  or  in,  as  a-foot,  a-bed. 

Be,  about,  as  besprinkle  ;  also /or  or  before,  as  bespeak. 

En,  in  or  on,  as  e7zcirclo;  also  viake,  as  «wfccble.  {Kn  in 
changed  into  em.  in  rootd  beginning  with  b  or  p,  as  «7;bark,  ew- 
power.) 

For,  from,  agaimt ;  as  ybrbid. 

Fore,  before,  as  foresee. 

Mis,  error  or  defect,  as  772wdeed. 

Out,  excess  or  superiority,  as  outrun. 

Over,  eniinence  or  excess,  as  orcrchargo. 

Un,  before  an  adjective  or  adverb,  signifies  not,  as  ««worthy , 
Uttj  before  a  verb,  signifies  the  wndmng  of  the  act  expressed  by 
ihc  verb,  as  7f7ifetter.  Un  is  sometimes  prefixed  to  a  verb  with- 
out altering  the  sense,  as  loose,  unloose. 

Up,  motion  upwards,  as  upstaxi ;  also  subversion,  as  upaot 

Wiih,  from  or  against  as  u«Mdraw  withsi&nd. 


PREFIXES   AND   POSTFIXES. 


2.  Prefixes  of  Latin  Origin. 


149 


A,  ab,  abs,  from  or  mvay,  as  avert,  absolve,  c^stiin. 

Ad,  to^  as  ad]\QVQ.  {Ad  assumes  the  various  forms  of  a,  at  af 
»g  al,  a/i,  ap,  ar,  as,  at^  according  to  the  commencing  lettci  of 
the  root  with  which  it  is  joined ;  as  ascend,  accede,  q/"fix,  a^orran 
fiizc,  oZlot,  a?znex,  appeal,  arrest,  assume,  attract.) 

Am,  round  ahmit,  as  a^wbient. 

An'te,  before,  as  a?iiccedent. 

Circum,  roiaid  or  about,  as  czro^TTinavigate.  *  {Ctrcum  also 
iakes  the  form  circu,  as  circidt.) 

Cis,  o?i  this  side,  as  cwalpine. 

Con,  together,  as  co?ivoke.  {Con  takes  also  the  various  forme 
of  CO,  cog,  col,  com,  cor,  as  cooperate,  coynate,  coflect,  cozwmotion, 
correlative.) 

Contra,  against,  as  coTi^radict.  {Comtra  sometimes  takes  the 
form  counter,  as  cozm^erbalance.) 

De,  doum,  as  (;?cjected. 

Dis,  asmider^  as  c?i5tract ;  also  negation  or  undoing,  as  disziva. 
[Dis  has  also  the  forms  of  di  and  dif,  as  effverge,  dif^xxsa.) 

E,  ex,  out  of,  as  egress,  ea:clude.  (£,  ex,  take  also  the  form  o^ 
ec,  ef,  as  eccentric,  c/'flux.) 

Extra,  heyojul,  as  car^raordinary. 

In,  before  an  adjective,  signifies  rwt,  as  iTiactivc ;  in,  before  % 
verb,  signifies  in  or  into,  as  mject.  {In  has  also  the  various 
forms  of  ig,  il,  ini,  ir,  as  ignoble,  illuminate,  twiport,  irradiate.) 

Inter,  lettoeen,  as  m^crvene. 

Intro,  to,  ivithin,  as  zw^roduce. 

Juxta,  nigh  to,  as  jicxta^o^iiion. 

Ob,  in  the  way  of,  or  oppositi&n,  as  obstacle.  {Ob  has  also  the 
various  forms  of  oc,  of,  o,  op,  os,  as  occur,  o/*fend,  omit,  oppose 
ojtcntation.) 

Per,  through  or  thoroughly,  as  perforate,  perfect  (Fer  ^laa 
ilso  the  form  of  pel,  as  peZlucid.) 

Post,  a/>cr,  as  po^Miluvian. 

Pre,  or  prac,  before,  as  predict. 

Piieter,  or  praeter,  jxist  or  beyond,  as  ^cfematural. 

13* 


150  PREFIXES   AND   POSTFIXES. 

Pro,  ftr,  forth,  or  forward,  as  pronoun,  provoke,  proceed. 

Ro,  back  or  again,  as  retract,  rebuild. 

Retro,  backwards,  as  retrospect. 

Se,  a^ide  or  apart,  as  recede. 

Si'ne,  witlwut,  as  sincewxe.  {Sine  has  also  the  fonn  of  fin 
and  sm,  as  ^mplc,  «7icere.) 

Sub,  under  or  after,  as  «^^sidc.  (Swi  has  also  the  forms  oi 
nuc,  suf,  sag,  sup,  sus  contracted  for  svhSj  as  ««:ceed,  sufius/Q 
suggest,  supi^ress,  sus^pend,)  ^ 

Subtcr,  under  or  beneath,  as  ^M^ierfuge. 

Super,  above  or  over,  as  «^;>errluou3.  {Super  has  also  th« 
French  form  sur,  as  w^rmount.) 

Trans,  overfro?n  one  place  to  another ^  as  tran^ort. 

Ultra,  beyond,  as  z^^ramundane. 

3.  Prefixes  of  Qbeek  Origin. 

A  or  an,  without  or  pnvatton,  as  apathy,  anonymous. 

Amphi,  both  or  the  two,  as  amphihioua.  ^ 

Ana,  through  or  tfp,  as  aTwtomy. 

Anti,  against,  as  ^7i^zchrist.  (ilw^z  has  sometimes  the  con 
tracted  form  of  ant,  as  antarctic.) 

Apo,  /ro77i  or  aioay,  as  opostae^.  {Apo  has  sometimes  the 
contracted  form  of  op,  as  aphelion.) 

Cata,  dotvn,  as  catarrh.  (CWa  has  also  the  form  of  cat,  as  cat- 
echise.) 

Dia,  through,  as  c^iaphanous. 

Epi,  upon,  as  epitaph.  {Epi  has  ^Iso  the  form  of  ep,  as 
irjjhemeral.) 

Hyper,  over  and  above,  as  Aypercritical. 

Hypo,  under,  as  /ii/pothesis. 

Meta,  change,  as  wieiamorphosis.  (Me?a  has  also  the  form  of 
met,  as  method.) 

Para,  near  to,  or  side  by  side  as  if  for  the  purpose  of  comjtarp 
ion,  and  hence  sometimes  similarity,  and  sometimes  co7itraritty 
as  paradox.     {Para  has  also  the  form  of  par,  as  parody.) 

Peri,  round  about,  as  periph'rasis. 


PREFIXEd   AND   POSTFIXES.  15j 

ftyn,  togethtr,  as  52/71' thesis.  {Syn  has  also  the  forms  «i/,  syi 
tynii  ad  system,  syllogism,  ^ywpathy.) 

4.  Postfixes  oh  Affixes. 

Nouns  ending  in  mi,  ant,  ar,  ard,  ary,  eer,  ent,  er,  ist,  tve^ 
(/r,  ster^  denote  the  agent  or  doer ;  as,  comedia7i,  accounta/i^ 
liar,  dot«r^,  adversary,  chariotce? ,  stude?!?,  maker,  elocutions 
representative,  professor,  maltster. 

Nouns  ending  in  ate,  ee,  ite,  denote  the  person  or  thing  acted 
upon,  being  derived  from  the  Latin  and  French  terminations  of 
the  past  participle  atus,  itus,  and  ee  ;  as  mandate,  lessee,  favorzYe; 

Nouns  ending  in  acy,  age,  ance,  ancy,  enc&f  ency,  hood,  tian  0 
sum,  ism,  ment,  many,  ness,  ry,  ship,  th,  tude,  ty  or  ity,  ure,  y 
denote  beiiig  or  a  state  of  being ;  as,  effemincey,  heritage,  inherit- 
avjce,  constancy,  refereTice,  excelleTicy,  neighborhood,  combus^ioTi, 
heroism,  jndgmeTit,  parsi/wowy,  loudne^^,  adversary,  worship, 
healthy  lati^w<;?e,  plenty,  ability,  judicatwre,  butchery. 

Nouns  ending  in  dom,  ic,  ick,  denote  jurisdiction  ;  as,  duke- 
dom,  bishopric,  bailiwick. 

Nouns  ending  in  logy  denote  treating  of;  as,  concho^o^. 

Nouns  ending  in  let,  kin,  ling,  ock,  cle,  denote  littleness;  as 
braceZe^,  lamb^m,  gosling,  hillock,  particle. 

Adjectives  ending  in  ac,  al,  an,  ane,  ar,  ary,  en,  ic  or  ical. 
Ue,  ine,  ory,  denote  of  or  belonging  to ;  as  ammoniac,  claustra/, 
meridia7i,  munddz?ie,  secular,  military,  brazen,  eccentric,  puerife, 
masculiTze,  transitory. 

Adjectives  ending  in  ate,  fid,  ose,  mis,  some,  y,  denote  possessing 
yr  abounding  in ;  as  precipitate,  skill/z^,  verbose,  pompo?w,  irk- 
lome,  pithy. 

Adjectives  ending  in  ish,  like,  ly,  denote  likeness  ;  as  womanish, 
foidierZiAre,  manZy. — Ish  sometimes  signifies  diminution;  as  red- 
itsh,  a  little  red.  In  most  cases  it  implies  some  degree  of  con* 
wempt. 

Adjectives  ending  in  ent  ip«,  denote  active  capacity ;  as  r& 
^lendeTZ^,  peisuasit^e. 


152       MARKS    USED   IN   WRITINa   AND   PRINTING. 

Adjectives  ending  in  aJblt^  ible,  denote  passive  capacity       4 

Adjectives  ending  in  Ze*?  denote  privation  ;  as  bouse/ew. 

Verbs  ending  in  ate,  en,  fy,  isk,  ise,  ize,  denote  to  nia)  ai 
elongate,  embolde?i,  bcauti/y,  embellwA,  criticwc,  harmonize 

Words  ending  in  escent  denote  progression  ;  as  convalej.- ,«/. 

Words  ending  in  ward  denote  direction;  as  u^toard^  <}iOii,iAvardf 
northward. 

Words  ending  in  ite^  ote,  ot^  an,  isk,  ard,  denote  of  a  partiadar 
nation,  sect,  &c. ;  as  IsraehYc,  Sciofc,  AustriaTi,  IrwA,  English, 
Savoyarfi. 


MARKS   USED    IN   WRITING    AND    PRINTING 


Comma, 

» 

Parenthesis, 

0 

Section, 

•  ♦ 

Semicolon,  . 

•    ; 

Brackets,    . 

[] 

Asterisk,      . 

* 

Colon, 

: 

Caret, 

A 

Dagger, 

\ 

Period, 

• 

Hyphen,      . 

. 

Parallels,     . 

1 

Interrogation, 

1 

Accent, 

• 

Ellipsis,       . 

••• 

Exclamation, 

.      ! 

Paragraph, 

.       1 

Diaeresis,     . 

** 

Dash, 

.   — 

Quotation, . 

((  " 

Makron, 

- 

Apostroplie, 

» 

Index, 

^ 

Breve, 

w 

The  marks  of  punctuation  arc,  the  Comma  ( , ),  which  usually 
represents  the  shortest  pause ;  the  Semicolon  ( , ),  a  longer  pause 
than  the  comma ;  the  Colon  ( : ),  a  longer  pause  than  the  Bcmi* 
colon  ;  and  the  Period  ( .  )>  2.  full  stop. 

The  Interrogation  point  (?)  is  used  to  denote  that  a  question 
is  asked ;  as,  Who  is  there  7  The  Exclamation  point  (!)  is  ex- 
pressive of  any  strong  or  sudden  emotion ;  as,  O,  fuavy  day 

The  Dash  ( — )  is  used  where  a  sentence  breaks  off  abruptly, 
and  sometimes  to  mark  off  parenthetical  sentences ,  also  in  cott- 
Bection  with  the  punctuation-marks,  to  increase  their  force. 


MARKS   USED   IN   WRITINa   AND   PRINTINO.        153 

The  Apostrophe  ('),  a  mark  differing  from  the  comma  only  in 
being  placed  aho^t  the  line,  denotes  the  omission  of  one  or  moro 
letters  ;  as,  o'er  for  over^  ^gan  for  began.  It  also  marks  the  separa- 
tion of  the  final  s  of  the  possessive  case  from  the  noun ;  as,  John^ 
hat.  The  possessive  case  plural  is  indicated  by  an  apostrophe 
after  the  letter  s  ;  as,  the  trees'  leaves. 

The  Marks  of  Parenthesis  (  )  arc  used  when  a  word,  passage, 
or  mark,  which  interrupts  the  progress  of  the  sentence,  is  in 
eerted ;  as,  Honesty  {the  proverb  is  an  old  one)  is  the  best  policy 

Brackets  [  ]  include  an  explanation  or  name  not  originally  in 
the  text,  and  generally  inserted  by  some  other  person  than  the 
author. 

•  The  Caret  (a)  is  used  only  in  writing,  to  point  to  something 
interlined  above  it.  The  Cedilla  is  used  under  the  French  c,  thus 
(9),  to  signify  that  it  is  to  have  the  soft  sound  of  s. 

The  Hyphen  (-)  is  used  to  separate  syllables  ;  also  the  parts  of 
compound  words;  as,  com-pre-hend^  milk-pail.  The  Hyphen  ia 
placed  after  a  syllable  ending  a  line,  to  show  that  the  remainder 
of  the  word  begins  the  next  line. 

There  are  three  marks  of  accent :  the  mark  of  the  acute  accent 
."),  the  mark  of  the  grave  (^)  accent,  the  mark  of  the  circumflex 
{^),  which  is  a  compound  of  the  other  two.  The  acute  accent  is 
used  in  English  to  mark  the  accent'ed  syllable.  The  other 
accents  are  used  chiefly  in  French,  and  in  that  language  to  denote 
a  difference  in  quantity,  not  in  accent.  The  circumflex  accent 
over  e  denotes  that  it  has  the  long  sound  of  a,  as  in  name;  thus, 
^ete  (pronounced /a?e.) 

A  Paragraph,  sometimes  indicated  by  the  sign  (IF),  is  a  smaL 
subdivision  in  writing,  which  is  now  generally  represented  simply 
by  beginning  a  sentence  with  a  new  line  having  a  slight  blank 
space  at  its  commencement. 

Marks  of  Quotation  ("  ")  are  used  to  denote  that  the  words  of 
another  person,  real  or  supposed,  than  the  author,  are  quoted 
Two  commas  (")  are  sometimes  used  to  show  that  something  i? 
understood  to  be  repeated,  which  was-  expressed  in  the  line  and 
word  immediately  above. 

The  Index,  or  Hand  ([CT*),  points  out  a  passage  for  speciaJ 
ittention.    The  Section  {^)  denotes  the  division  0 


154  CAPITAL   LETTERS. 

chapter  into  inferior  portions.  The  Asterisk  (*),  tbe  Obelibk  oi 
Dagger  (t),  the  Double  Dagger  (^),  the  Paragraph  (If),  and  Par- 
allels  (II),  are  marks  of  reference  to  the  margin,  the  foot  of  a  page, 
or  some  other  part  of  a  book. 

The  mark  of  Ellipsis  or  omission  is  formed  either  by  a  long 
dash,  or  by  a  suecession  of  points  or  stars ;  as,  ^  *  *  *  71  for 
Queen. 

The  Diaeresis  ( •• ),  a  Greek  word  signifying  a  division^  divides 
two  vowels,  that  would  otherwise  make  a  diphthong,  into  two 
syllables ;  as.  Creator.  It  may  also  be  placed  over  a  single 
vowel  to  show  that  it  ought  not  to  be  merged  in  a  preceding 
syllable ;  as,  agedy  blessed. 

The  Makron  (-),  from  a  Greek  word  signifying  long^  is  some- 
times placed  over  a  vowel  to  denote  that  the  quantity  is  long  ;  as 
fcitc^  ccde^  pine,  roll. 

The  Breve  ( "),  from  the  Latin,  brevis,  short,  is  placed  over  a 
vowel  to  denote  that  it  is  short ;  as,  hat,  yet,  HHeruij  pit,  7i6t, 
hut,  crystal. 

Italic  letters  arc  often  employed  in  printing  letters,  words,  or 
passages,  to  which  the  author  wishes  to  call  the  special  attention 
of  the  reader,  or  which  he  wishes  to  distinguish  for  any  purposa 


CAPITAL    LETTERS. 

Capital  Letters  should  be  used  in  the  following  instances  : 

1.  At  the  beginning  of  the  first  word  of  every  sentence,  and 
tftor  every  full  stop ;  as.  It  was  a  starlight  night.  What  dc  you 
want? 

2.  At  the  beginning  of  every  line  of  poetry ;  as, 

IIo  scndcth  sun,  lie  eendeth  shower,  — 
Alike  they're  needful  to  the  flower  ; 
And  joys  and  tears  alike  are  sent 
To  give  the  sou4  fit  nourishment. 
As  comes  to  mo  or  cloud  or  sun, 
Father  *  thy  will;  not  mine,  b«  done 


DICIATION    \ND    WRITING   EXERCISES.  155 

8.  At  the  beginning  of  proper  names  and  of  adjecti7»;6  derivecj 
from  them,  in  whatever  part  of  the  sentence ;  as,  I  saw  John 
and  Thomas.     An  Italian  sunset.     An  American  steam  -ship. 

4.  In  epithets,    used  like  the    following:  Charles    the    Fat 
Peter  the  Great ;  William  the  Conqueror. 

5.  Titles,  when  followed  by  names ;  as.  The  Emperor  Napo- 
leon. They  spoke  of  Queen  Victoria  ;  of  Governor  Brooks  ;  of 
fjeneral  Scott ;  the  Duke  of  Devonshire. 

0.  Appellations  of  the  Deity ;  as,  Lord,  Jehovah,  Providence, 
and  often  in  pronouns  referring  to  Him. 

7.  The  pronoun  I,  and  the  interjections  0,  oh,  &c. 

8.  The  days  of  the  week,  and  months  of  the  year ;  as,  Febru* 
ary,  Tuesday. 

9.  The  divisions  of  a  printed  work;  as.  Book  the  first, 
Section  the  second,  Chapter  the  third.  Volume  the  tenth,  &,c. 

10.  Nouns  denoting  a  religious  sect ;  as,  A  Christian,  a  Jew, 
a  Lutheran,  a  Mahometan. 

11.  Words  to  which  it  is  desired  to  invQ  importance;  as.  The 
army  of  the  Revolution.     When  will  Congress  sit  ? 


DICTATION  AND  WRITING   EXERCISES 
Illustrating  the  Punctuation-Marks y  8fC. 

Notwithstanding  all  his  diligence,  the  general  could  not  reach  the  city 
before  the  enemy.  Lend,  lend  your  wings.  Alfred  the  Great  was  a  brave, 
pious,  and  patriotic  prince.  Milton  the  poet  seemed  a  diflferent  being  from' 
Milton  the  politician. 

God,  who  made  the  world,  dwelleth  not  in  temples  made  with  hands.  I 
tt)ld  my  house,  which  was  not  large,  for  a  moderate  sum.  Napoleon,  whose 
impatient  spirit  could  brook  no  obstacle,  was  highly  indignant  at  this  con- 
•^ession. 

He  insisted  upon  a  condition  which  ultimately  jroved  fatal  to  tht 
arrangement.  I  met  the  person  whom  you  introduced.  Every  teacher 
must  love  a  boy  who  is  attentive  and  docile.  Study,  I  beseech  you,  to  store 
your  mind  with  the  exquisite  learning  of  former  age» 


156  DICTATION   AND   WRITING   fLiERCISES. 

Boast  not,  my  dear  friends,  of  to-morrow.  Antonio,  light  my  lamp,  t 
am  obliged  to  you,  ladies,  for  your  kindness.  The  impossibility  of  extrl 
mating  himself  and  his  comrades  from  their  dangerous  position,  drove  thfl 
commander  to  desperation.  Peace  of  mind  being  secured,  we  may  smile  at 
misfortune. 

Wisdom,  power,  and  goodness,  are  the  attributes  of  the  Deity.  They 
passed  their  time  in  drawing,  working,  reading,  and  playing  He  is  a 
worthy,  liberal,  and  benevolent  man.  I  came,  saw,  and  conquered.  Two, 
four,  six,  eight,  and  ten,  are  even  numbers.  He  behaved  rashly  and 
violently.  They  rushed  into  the  streets  singing,  shouting,  and  screaming 
violently.     I  was  received  civilly  and  hospitably. 

Young  and  old,  rich  and  poor,  wise  and  ignorant,  will  appear  before  the 
iudgment-seat.  The  captain  drew  his  sword,  encouraged  his  men,  and  led 
them  on  to  the  conflict.  Scipio  was  called  the  sword,  and  Fabius  the  shield, 
of  Rome.  Fill  thy  heart  with  goodness,  and  thou  wilt  find  that  the  world  it 
full  of  good.     As  virtue  is  its  own  reward,  so  vice  is  its  own  punishment 

The  slaughter  was  dreadful ;  a  few  escaped  by  subterraneous  passages, 
ani  made  good  their  flight  into  the  country;  others  retired  into  the  citadel, 
which  was  soon  obliged  to  surrender  at  discretion,  and  was  razed  to  the 
ground ;  but  by  far  the  greater  number  perished  in  the  town,  under  the 
Bword  of  an  irritated  and  relentless  victor. 

*•  Augustus  well  knew,"  says  the  historian,  "  that  mankind  are  governed 
by  names;  and  that  they  will,  in  general,  submit  to  real  slavery,  if  they 
are  told  that  they  are  in  the  enjoyment  of  freedom."  Straws  swim  on  the 
surface;  but  pearls  lie  at  the  bottom.  Yesterday  the  sky  was  beautifully 
bright;  to-day,  all  is  dark  and  dreary.  Semlr'amis  built  Babylon ;  Dido, 
Carthage;  Rom'ulus,  Rome. 

Patrick  Henry  commenced  by  saying,  "  It  is  natural  to  man  to  indulge  in 
the  illusions  of  hope."  Good  and  evil  are  the  lot  of  man.  No  one  must 
expect  either  happiness  or  misery  unmixed.  Virtue  is  too  lovely  and  useful 
to  be  immured  in  a  cell :  the  world  is  her  sphere  of  action.  Brutua'a 
speech  over  Caesar's  body  begins  thus :  "  Friends,  Romans,  countrymen, 
lend  me  your  ears." 

Collins's  Ode  on  the  Passions  contains  this  line : 

"  Through  glades  and  glooms  the  mingled  measure  stole.'* 

old  affectation  :  it  is  a  contemptible  weakness.  The  air  was  sweet  and 
(iialntive;  and  the  words,  literally  translated,  were  these:  "The  windi 
roared  and  the  rains  fell,  when  the  poor  white  man,  faint  and  weary,  cami 
and  sat  under  our  tree."     The  Rev.*  Dr.  Paley. 

What  do  you  want?  Will  you  come  with  me?  What  o*clock  ia  iti 
Where  is  Elizabeth?    Here  !  dear  mother.     Hush!  you  will  wake  the  child 

*  The  period  is  used  after  eveiy  abbreviated  word 


WRITING   THE  POSSESSIVE   CASE.  157 

Where  have  you  been  all  day  ?  Bravo  !  well  done  !  How  beautiful  is  night 
Daughter  of  Faith  !  awake  !  arise  !  illume  the  dread  unknown,  the  chaos  of 
the  tomb.     Alas  !  poor  Yorick. 

Consider  (and  may  the  consideration  sink  deep  into  your  hearts !)  th€ 
fatal  consequences  cf  a  wicked  life.  A  coalition  took  place.  Cooperate  with 
us  in  the  undertaking.  Should  that  time  come  —  but  I  will  not  descend  to 
threats.  Newton,  Franklin,  Washington,  Napoleon,  —  different  as  they 
were  ih  many  respects,  —  were  all  renowned  as  hard  workers.  I  could  nol 
stop  my  hiccough.* 


EXERCISES    IN   WRITING  THE  POSSESSIVE  CASE  ;   AND  TO  Or 
LUSTRATE  THE  CONTRACTIONS  IN  COMMON  USE. 

I  picked  up  a  lady's  Ian,  and  have  asked  several  ladies  if  it  belonged  to 
any  one  of  them.  A  person's  manners  are  apt  to  influence  his  fortune. 
The  doctor's  horse  was  got  ready  at  five  minutes''  notice.  I  admired  the 
workman's  dexterity.  Our  country's  welfare.  Deer's  flesh  is  called  ven 
ison.  William's  book  is  torn.  What  is  everybody's  business  is  nobody* s 
biisiness.    Wisdom's  voice. 

Cows'  horns  are  made  into  combs.  The  inen's  hats  were  hanging  against 
the  wall.  Ladies'  and  gentlemen's  shoes  for  sale  here.  The  tiger's  skin  is 
Btriped,  the  leopard's  spotted.  The  ship's  rudder  was  knocked  to  pieces. 
Seven  weeks'  sickness  has  made  poor  Oliver  quite  thin.  The  boys'  pen> 
were  mixed  up  with  the  girls'  knitting-needles.  I  hear  the  sound  of 
horses*  feet.  A  horse's  speed.  The  swan's  neck  is  long  and  graceful 
Ducks'  feet  are  webbed. 

The  contractions  in  the  following  sentences  are  often  used  id 
conversation,  but  rarely  in  writing,  except  in  dialogues,  &c. 

Do€s  n't  this  fine  weather  make  one  happy  ?  That 's  right :  you  've  done 
this  exercise  well.  There  were  n't  more  than  ten  persons  present.  We  've 
been  at  play.  You  're  welcome  to  go,  if  your  wishes  so  incline  you. 
Would  n't  you  like  to  see  the  new  cow  ?  We  'd  rather  see  her  another 
time.  I  could  n't  give  the  poor  man  money,  for  I  had  nH  any.  TTiey  'r« 
all  gone.  '  T  was  early  dawn.  Where'er  you  go,  don't  forget  ms.  IZ^y  'fl 
jump  o'«r  thebrooif. 

•  Pronounced  Wtfhtp  or  *  i*  hof 

14 


158  ROMAN   NUMERALS. 

Uli'ire  *«  my  hat  ?  Thou  'dst  better  walk  than  ride.  WTiate  er  *  I  do, 
I  ^11  do  it  well.  Thou  ^rt  better  than  Ihou  'dst  have  us -think.  *Tis  long 
since  1  was  there.  I  have  uH  a  minute  to  waste.  There  is  7i7  a  drop  in  the 
can.  //  •«  getting  late  ;  is7i't  it?  Sha?iH  we  see  you  again?  .Aren't* 
U*?y  ready  ?    I  said  it  was  Mr.  Adam^s  book,  not  Mr.  Adams's. 


ROMAN   NUMERALS. 


The  llomans  counted  up  to  three  by  single  strokes,  supposed 
to  represent  the  fingers  of  the  hand  :  thus  I.  stood  for  one ;  II 
for  two  ;  and  III.  for  three. 

A  smaller  figure  placed  to  the  left  of  a  larger  is  meant  to  bo 
subtracted  from  it :  thus  IV.  means  I.  (one)  subtracted  from  V. 
(five) ;  that  is,  four. 

V.  stands  for  five ;  it  represents  the  five  fingers  of  the  hand, 
and  was  originally  written  thus,  ^  :  afterwards,  the  middle 
fingers  were  left  out,  and  the  figure  stood  V. 

A  smaller  figure  placed  to  the  right  of  a  larger  is  meant  to  bo 
added  to  it :  thus,  VL,  VII.,  and  VIII.,  stand,  respectively,  for 
six,  seven,  and  eight ;  that  is,  five  and  one,  five  and  two,  and  five 
and  three. 

IX.  stands  for  nine;  that  is,  I.  (one)  from  X.  (ten). 

X.  stands  for  ten ;  it  represents  two  fives  placed  vertically 
thus :  X* 

XI.,  XII.,  XIII.  Eleven,  twelve,  thirteen ;  that  is,  ten  and 
cne,  ten  and  two,  ten  and  three. 

X IV.  Fourteen  ;  that  is,  ten  and  (one  from  five)  four. 

XV.  Fifteen ;  that  is,  five  added  to  ten. 

XVI.,  XVII.,  XVIII.,  XIX.  Sixteen,  seventeen,  eighteen 
omctecn. 

XX.     Twenty ;  two  tens. 

*  Ptr  is  a  contraction  of  ever,  and  is  pronounced  like  atV;  but  ere,  thongj) 
having  precisely  the  same  pronunciation,  is  an  adverb,  meaning  be/ore^  toonm 
than  t  Pronounced  amt. 


BOMAN  NUMERALS.  159 

XXI ,  XXII.,  &c.     Twenty-one,  twenty-two,  &0. 

XXX.     Thirty;  three  tens. 

XL.     Forty ;  that  is,  ten  from  fifty. 

L.  Fifty ;  this  letter  stands  for  fifty,  as  being  the  half  of  on« 
hundred.  The  Romans  expressed  one  hundred  by  C,  the  initial 
of  centum  (the  Latin  for  a  hundred).  In  many  manuscripts  the 
letter  C  is  found  in  this  form,  E.  A  horizontal  line  drawn  across 
it  gives  the  lower  half,  L,  and  hence  the  application. 

LX.     Sixty ;  fifty  and  ten. 

LXX.     Seventy ;  fifty  and  two  tens. 

LXXX.     Eighty  ;  fifty  and  three  tens. 

XC.     Ninety ;  that  is,  ten  from  one  hundred 

C.  One  hundred  (the  initial  of  centum) 
CO.    Two  hundred. 

CCC.     Three  hundred. 
CCCC,  or  CD.     Four  hundred. 

D.  Five  hundred.  This  letter  stands  in  the  same  relation  to 
a  thousand  that  L.  (fifty)  does  to  C.  (one  hundred) ;  that  is,  it 
represents  the  half  of  a  thousand.  The  initial  letter  M,  of  mil'le 
(a  thousand),  was  used  to  represent  that  number.  An  ancient 
form  of  this  letter  is  ^jQ .  A  line  drawn  vertically  through  this 
letter  leaves  on  the  right-hand  side  a  D,  and  hence  its  appli- 
cation. 

DC.     Six  hundred. 

DCC.     Seven  hundred. 

DCCC.     Eight  hundred. 

DCCCC.     Nine  hundred. 

M.  (the  initial  o^miUle),     A  thousand. 

EXERCISEa 

Express  the  following  sums  in  Roman  numerals : 

Twenty-nine.  Sixty-four.  Eighty-seven.  Ninety-five.  Fourteen  hun- 
dred and  fifty-three.  Twelve  hundred  and  forty-two.  Two  hundred  and 
•sight.  Four  hundred  and  fifty-seven.  Six  hundred  and  forty-three 
Eighteen  hundred  and  forty-seven.  One  thousand  six  hundred  and  twelve 
Three  hundred  and  forty-four.     Eighteen  hundred  and  fifty-eight 


180  NAMES    OF   PERSONS. 


Express  the  following  Roman  in  Arabic  numerals  :  • 
MDCCX.    DCXXIX.    CCCXL.    MDCCCXL.   DCCXXIV    CCCXXXm. 

cxx.    Lxxxiv.    xvm.    vm.    xxvii.    xxxiv.    xlvi.    lh 

XXV     LXV.     LXXVIL     CCX.     CVI.    XIX. 

Put  the  following  Arabic  into  Roman  numerals  : 

Book  9.  Chapter  7.  Sections.  Appendix,  No.  24.  Volume  6.  Part  19 
Chapter  30.  Book  6.  Section  13.  No.  27.  Volume  35.  Part  66.  Ie 
the  year  1763.  The  year  1463.  The  year  1856.  The  second  verse  of 
chapter  12. 


NAMES  OF  PERSONS. 


MASCULINB  NAMIS. 


Aaron,  A'bel,  A-bi'el,  A-bi'jah,  Ab'ner,  Ad'am, 
A'bra-liam,  A-dol'phus,  Al'bert,  Al-ex-an'der,  Al'- 
fred,  A-lon'zo,  Al'vin,  Amos,  Am'a-sa,  Am'bro^e, 
Andrew,  An'tAo-ny,   Ar'chi-bald,  Ar'te-mas,  Ar' 
thur,  Asa,  Asaph,  Ash'er,  Au-gus'tus. 

Bar'na-bas,  Be'la,  Benja-miD,  Ben'e-dict,  Be- 
no'ni,  Be-ri'ah,  Be-thu'el,  Caleb,  Cal'vin,  Ce'phas, 
Charles,  CAris'to-pher,  Clem'ent,  Cy'rus,  Daniel, 
Da-ri'us,  Da'vid. 

Eb-en-e'zer,  Edgar,  Edmund,  Ed' ward,  Edwin, 
Egbert,  El-e-azar,  E-li'as,  E-li'hu,  E-li'jah,  E-li'- 
sha,  E-li'pha-let,  E'noc^,  E'nos,  E'phra-im,  E-ras'- 
tus,  E'than,  Eu-^ene',  E-ze'ki-el,  Ez'ra. 

•  Th6  Arabio  numerals  are  1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  6,  7,  8,  9,  0  They  are  so  called 
beoauso  they  were  introduced  into  Europe  by  the  Arabians,  whr  are  believed 
to  have  received  them  from  the  Uindooa. 


NAMES   OP   PERSONS  161 

Fer'di-nand,  Francis,  Frank'lin,  Fred'cr-ic, 
Gaoiv/e,  Greg'o-iy,  Gid'e-on,  Gilbert,  Gus-ta'vus, 
Een'ry,  Ilez-e-ki'ah,  Ili'ram,  Horace,  Ilo-ra'tio, 
Ho'5e-a,  Hugh,  Humphrey,  IcA'a-bod,  Tg-na'tius, 
Tra,  r^aac,  Is'ra-el. 

Jacob,  Ja'bez,  Jai'rus,  James,  Ja'red,  Ja'son, 
Jed-e-di'ah,  Jcr-e-mi'ah,  Jer'e-my,  Jerome,  Jesse, 
Je'thro,  Jo'el,  John,  Jo'nah,  Jo'nas,  Jon'a-than, 
Joseph,  Josh'u-a,  Jo-si' ah,  Jo'tham. 

Laz'a-rus,  Lem'uel,  Leonard,  Le'vi,  Lew'is,  Lo 
am'mi,    Lucius,    Luke,    Luther,    Marcus,    Mark, 
Martin,   Mafthew,  Ma^-thi'as,  Mi'cah,  Mi'cAa-el, 
Mo'ses,    Na'hum,    Nathan,    Na-than'i-el,    Ne-he 
mi'ah,  Nic/i'o-las,  No'ah. 

0-ba-di'ah,  O'bed,  Oc-ta'vi-us,  OVi-ver,  Pat 'rick, 
Paul,  Pe'leg,  Perez,  Pe'ter,  Phil'ip,  Phi'lo,  Phin- 
e-as,  Ralph,  Reuben,  Rich'ard,  Rob'ert,  Ru'fus, 
Sam'u-el,  Saul,  Seth,  Si'las,  Si'mon,  Sim'e-on, 
Sol'o-mon,  Stephen,  Sydney,  Syl-va'nus,  Syl 
tester. 

Thad'de-us,  The'o-dore,  The-oph'i-lus,  TAomas, 
Tim'o-thy,  Ti'tus,  U-ri'ah,  Wal'ter,  Will'iam,  ZaV- 
di-el,  ZecA-a-ri'ah,  Zac-cAe'us,  ZacA'a-ry. 

FEMININE  NAME3. 

Ab'i-gail,  Au  a-line,  A-de'lia,  Al'ice,  A-man'da, 
A-me'lia,    Anna,    Anne,    Ar'ri-a,   Au-gus'ta,    Be 
Un'da,  Bet'sy     Blanche,*    Car'o-line,    Cath'a-rine, 

•  The  ch  in  Blanche  and  CharlMe  has  the  sound  of  sh. 

U* 


162  ON   DERIVATIVES. 


Charlotte,    Chris-tina,    Clar-is'sa,    Clom-en-umt| 
Cor-ae'lia,  Cyn'thi-a. 

Deb'o-rah,  Dor  o-thy,  E'dith,  El'ea-iior,  E-li'za; 
E-liz'a-beth,  El'len,  Em'i-ly,  Eni'ma,  Em'e-lme, 
Es'tAer,  Eu (/e-nie,  Eunice,  Fan'ny,  Fran ce5,  Han- 
nah, Harri-et,  Helen,  Hen-ri-et'ta,  Is-a-bel'la, 
Jane,  Jo'seph-ine,*  Judith,  Julia. 

La-vin'ia,  Laura,  Lou-i'sa,  Lu-cin'da,  Lu-cre'tia, 
Lu'cy,    Lyd'i-a,    Mad'e-line,    Marga-ret,    Ma-ri'a, 
Mary,   Martha,   Ma-til'da,    Nancy,   OHve,    Pris 
cilia,  Ra'chel,  Re-bec'ca,  Sa'rah,  So-phi'a,  Su^an, 
Vic-to'ri-a 


ON  DEBIVATIVEa 


A  long  vowel  in  a  primitive  generally  (though  not  always; 
becomes  short  in  its  derivative. 


EXAMPLES. 

1.  Break,  breakfast ;  cave,  cavern  ;  chaste, 
chastity ;  game,  gamble ;  humane,  humanity ; 
nation,  national ;  nature,  natural  ;  pale,  pallid  , 
prate,  prattle ;  sane,  sanity  ;  shade,  shadow ; 
slake,  slacken  ;  vain,  vanity  ;  vale,  valley. 

2.  Breathe,  breath ;  clean,  cleanse ;  dear, 
dearth  ;  deep,  depth  ;  heal,  health  ;  please,  pleas- 
ure ;    secret,  secretary ;   serene,   serenity  ;  sheep, 

*  The  i  in  Josqthin*  haa  the  sound  of  e  long. 


ON   DERIVATIVES.  163 

shepherd ;    shield,  shelter ;    steal,   stealth ;     zeal, 
zealous. 

3.  Behind,  hinder ;  bite,  bit ;  conspire,  con- 
spiracy ;  crime,  criminal ;  decline,  declension ; 
divine,  divinity  ;  five,  fifty  ;  ignite,  ignition  ;  line, 
lin  e'al ;  mime,  mimic  ;  vine,  vineyard  ;  wide, 
width  ;    wild,  wilderness  ;  wise,  wisdom. 

4.  Clothe,  cloth ;  coal,  collier ;  cone,  conic , 
fore,  forehead  ;  goose,  gosling ;  hole,  hollow ; 
holy,  holiday ;  import,  important  ;  know,  knowl- 
edge ;  mode,  model ;  moon,  month  ;  nose,  nostril ; 
poke,  pocket ;  sore,  sorry  ;  throat,  throttle  ;  tone, 
tonic. 

WRITING  AND  DICTATION  EXERCISES. 

1.  Walk  in  the  shade.  The  shadow  of  the  stick.  You  breakfast  when 
you  break  your  fast.  A  wild  beast's  cave.  A  robber's  cavern.  Vanity 
is  being  vain.  The  vale  of  Tempe.  The  valley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death. 
They  who  continue  to  prate,  prattle.  A  humane  man  is  known  for  his 
humanity.  A  great  nation.  National  customs.  That  is  natural  which  is 
according  to  nature.  A  pale  blue.  A  pallid  hue.  A  sane  mind.  An  act 
of  insanity.  A  vain  attempt.  A  proof  of  vanity.  Slake  your  thirst.  He 
Blackened  his  pace.     A  game  at  cricket.     To  gamble  at  cards. 

2.  We  are  pleased  with  what  is  pleasant.  A  man  of  zeal  is  zealous. 
Those  who  cleanse  make  clean.  A  deep  ditch.  The  depth  of  the  hole.  A 
ehepherd  tends  sheep.  A  dearth  of  provisions.  Things  are  dear.  A 
serene  sky.  The  serenity  of  the  mind.  A  secretary  keeps  secrets.  A 
Bhield  shelters  us  from  danger.  His  wound  is  healed.  In  good  health. 
What  is  breathed  forth  is  the  breath.     Those  who  steal  do  it  by  stealth. 

c.  A  wide  ditch.  The  width  of  the  room.  Bite  the  apple.  A  bit  of 
bread.  A  wise  man.  Solomon's  wisdom.  A  criminal  has  committed  a 
crime.  A  vine  in  the  vineyard.  A  lineal  descent.  In  a  right  line.  Five 
times  ten  are  fifty.  Behind  the  house.  Do  not  hinder  me.  Every  thing 
grows  wild  in  a  wilderness.  Divinity  is  the  state  of  being  divine.  They 
conspired  against  him,  and  a  conspiracy  was  formed.  When  coals  are 
ignited,  they  are  in  a  state  of  ignition.  Decline  a  noun  of  the  first  decleO' 
«ion.     Mimes  are  men  who  mimio. 


164  ON   DERIVATIVES. 

4.     A  new  mode    The  model  of  a  statue.    Knowledge  is  wliat  we  Icncw. 

Colliers  carry  coals.  The  forehead  is  the  fore  part  of  the  head.  Holidayh 
^ore  formerly  kept  holy.  He  imports  corn.  An  important  fact.  A  pig 
in  a  poke.  Put  it  in  your  pocket.  Black  cloth.  Clothed  in  flannel.  A 
deep  hole.  A  hollow  tube.  Tonic  medicines  give  tone  to  the  nerves 
Conic  sections  are  the  cuttings  of  cones.  I  am  sorry  you  have  a  sore 
throat    The  young  of  a  goose  are  goslings.    A  full  moon  once  a  month. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

Mni  of  the  Abbreviations,  PhraseSy  SfC,  here  used,  will  be  found  in  the 
Lists  which  follow. 

America  was  discovered  A.  D.  1492.  The  MS.  poem  was  lost.  Send  me 
all  the  MSS.  Did  it  happen  on  the  3d  inst.,  or  the  29th  ult  ?  Henry 
Hone,  Esq.  Lieut.  Lane.  Capt.  Leroy.  Hon.  Chas.  King,  M.  C.  Wash- 
ington, D.  C.  Rev.  Mr.  Hope.  Messrs.  Lawrence  &  Lovejoy.  Horaco 
Smith,  jr.    Will  you  come  ?    N.  B.  Answer  before  night. 

I  was  glad  to  stand  once  more  on  terra  firma.  An  impromptu  address 
He  has  shaved  ofl".  his  mustache.  I  shall  proceed  via  C.iarleston,  S.  C,  io 
Columbus.  The  meeting  adjourned  sine  die.  The  vote  was  taken  viva 
voce.  A  daguerreotype  likeness.  The  reservoir  is  full.  Interesting 
memoirs.  I  lost  my  porte-monnaie.  A  French  vaudeville.  A  turkois 
ring. 

They  made  him  cry  peccavi.  He  was  chosen  speaker  pro  ienu  He 
rendered  me  a  quid  jno  quo.  An  extempore  address.  She  appeared  in 
dishabille.  A  small  clique  of  enemies.  Smell  of  the  bouquet.  A  /at 
simile  copy.  A  protege  of  Mrs.  0.  Does  she  use  rouge?  I  had  a  teto-a* 
tete  with  her.     My  vis-a-vis  in  the  dance.     Finis  is  Latin  for  end. 

Magna  charta  (kar'ta),  the  great  charter,  so  called,  was  obtainol  by  thi 
English  barons  from  King  John,  A.  D.  1215.  Give  me  the  minutiae  of  the 
aflair.  The  hoi-scs  ran  away  with  the  barouche.  A  bona  fide  offer.  Sh< 
received  a  billet-doux.  He  is  a  musical  amateur.  It  is  not  etiquette  t4 
wear  an  over-coat  at  a  ball.     You  shall  be  my  locum  tenons  in  my  absence 

The  verbs  lay  and  lie  are  often  misused.  Bear  in  mind  that  lay  is  b 
transitive  verb,  of  which  the  pretecit  and  the  past  participle  are  laid.  Lie  k 
an  intransitive  verb,  of  which  the  preterit  is  lay  and  the  past  participle  lain 
*3o  we  should  say  :  Come  and  lie  down.  Lay  the  pillow  by  my  side.  I  la\ 
down  yesterday  ;  I  lie  down  to-day.  Now  I  lay  me  down  to  sleep.  Now  I 
lie  down  to  sleep.  lie  laid  his  hand  on  my  head.  She  had  lain  an  hour 
when  they  woke  her.  Go  and  lie  down.  The  proper  use  of  these  words 
Is  one  sign  of  a  good  education. 

Was  it  an  8vo.,  a  r2mo  ,  or  a  4to.,  volume?  W.  I.  Goods.  Col.  Gard- 
ner. Gen.  Scott.  The  GOth  p.  I  found  his  name  mentioned  on  the  7tli 
%Dd  27th  pp.    You  should  learn  the  difference  between  meum  and  tuurn. 


ABBREVIATIONS   lif   WRITING    AND    PRINTING.       165 


ABBRETLITIONS  USED  IN  WRITING  AND  PRINTINO 


1.  B    Bachelor  of  Arts.  I 

k.  C.  Before  ChrisU 
Acct.    \ccouiit. 

A.  D.    In  the  year  of   our 
Lord. 

Al.  Alabama. 

r  Master  of  Arts  , 
A    \r    J  Bt-'fore  noon  ;  or, 
^'  ^^-  i  In  tlie  year  of  the 

[^     world. 
Anon.  Anonymous. 
An3.  Answer. 
Apr.  April. 
Atty.  Attorney. 
Aug.  Au^st. 
Ark.  Arkansas.  i*^ 

bbl.  Barrel. 

B.  D.  Bachelor  of  Divinity. 
Benj.  Bonjamin. 

Ca.  Canada. 
Cal.  California. 
Capt.  Captain. 

C.  E.  Canada  East 
Chap.  Chapter. 
Chas.  Charles. 
Chron.  Chronicles. 

Co.  Company  }  or.  County. 
Col.  Colonel. 
Coll.  College. 
Com.  Commodore. 
Comr.  Commissioner. 
C  Against;  or, 
"^       I  In  opposition. 
Const.  Constable. 
Cor.  Corinthians. 
Cr.  Credit ;  or.  Creditor. 
Ct.  or  Conn.  Connecticut, 
cts.  Cents. 

C.  W.  Canada  West, 
cwt.  Hundred  weight. 

1».  C.  District  of  Columbia. 

D.  D.  Doctor  of  Divinity. 
Dea.  Deacon. 

Dec.  December. 
Deg.  Degree. 
Del.  Delaware. 
Dept.  Deputy. 
Deut.  Deuteronomy. 
Do.  or  Ditto.  The  same. 
Dr.  Doctor  -,  or.  Debtor. 
12mo.  Duedecimo. 

E.  East. 

Eccl.  Eccleslastes 

£d.  Edition  ;  or,  Editor. 

e.  g.  For  e.xample. 

E.  I.  East  Indies. 

E.  L.  East  Longitude. 

Eng.   England  ;  or,  English. 

Eph.  Ephesians. 

Esq.  Esquire. 

ttc.  And  so  forth. 

Ex.  Example  ;  or,  Exodot. 

Exr.  K.xecutor. 

Pa.  Florida. 

Feb    February. 

Fr.  France  *,  or  French. 

Qa.  Georgia. 

"HI  Oalatians. 


Gen.  General ;  or,  Genesis. 
Gent.  Gentleman. 
Geo.  George. 
Gov.  Governor. 

II.  B.  M.  Her  Britannic  Maj- 
esty. 

Ileb.  Hebrews. 

lihd.  Hogshead. 

Hon.  Honorable. 

hund.  Hundred. 

la.  Iowa. 

lb.  or  Ibid.    In  the  same 

place. 
Id.  The  same. 
i.  e.  That  is. 

III.  Illinois. 
Ind.  Indiana, 
inst.  Instant. 
Isa.  Isaiah. 

J. U.S.  (Jesus hominom Sal- 
vator.)  Jesus  the  Saviour 
of  men. 

Jac.  Jacob. 

Jan.  January. 

Jos.  Joseph. 

Josh.  Joshua. 

jr.  Junior. 

Kt.  Knight. 

Ky.  Kentucky 

La.  Louisiana. 

Lat.  Latitude. 

lbs.  Pounds. 

Lev.  Leviticus. 

Lieut    Lieutenant. 

LL.  D.  Doctor  of  Laws. 

Lon.  Longitude.    , 

Lond.  London. 

L.  S.  Place  of  the  seal. 

M.  Monsieur. 

Ma.  or  Min.  Minesota. 

Maj.  Major. 

Mar.  March. 

Mass.  Massachusetts. 

Mat.  Matthew. 

M.  C.  Member  of  Congress. 

&L  D.  Doctor  of  Medicine. 

Md.  Maryland. 

Me.  Maine. 

Messrs.  Gentlemen,  or  Sirs. 

Mich.  Michigan. 

Miss.  Mississippi. 

Mo.  Missouri- 
Mr.  Master ;  or,  Mister. 

Mrs.  Mistress. 

MS.  Manuscript. 

MSS.  Manuscripts. 

N.  North. 

N.  B.  Take  notice. 

N.  C.  North  Carolina. 

N.  E.  North  East. 

N.  n.  New  HampshirBL 

N.  J.  New  Jersey. 

N.  L.  North  Latitude. 

No.  Number. 

Nov.  November. 

N.  W.  North  West 

N.  Y.  New  York- 

O.  Ohio. 


obt.  0»)edient. 

Oct.  October. 

On.  Oregon. 

ox.  Ounce. 

8vo.  Octavo. 

ISmo.  Octodecimo. 

p.  Page. 

pp.  Paj^es. 

Pari.  Parliament 

Penn.  Pennsylvania. 

l)er.  By  the  ;  as,  per  yard 

hy  the  yard, 
per  cent.  By  the  hundred. 
Pet.  Peter. 

Phil.  Philippians -,  or,  Philin 
„  ,-     <  Post  Master  ;  o 
i.M.    ^Afternoon. 
P.  0.  Post  Office. 
Pr«3.  President, 
pro.  For  ;  or.  In  Cavor  of 
Prob.  Problem. 
Prof.  Professor. 
P.  S.  Postscript 
Ps.  Psalm*. 

Q.  Question  ;  or.  Queen. 
4to.  Quartf. 
Q.  V.    (Quodvi'de.)    Whlnk 

see. 
Reed.  Received 
Regr.  Register. 
Rep.  Representative. 
Rpv     5  l^everend  }  or, 
"^^-    \  Revelation. 
R.  I.  Rhode  Island. 
Rom.  Romans. 
Rt.  Hon.  Right  Honorable. 
S.  South. 
Sam.  Samuel. 
S.  C.  South  Caroluia 
S.  E.  South  East. 
Sec.  Secretary. 
Sect.  Section. 
Sen.  Senator  ;  or.  Senior 
Sept.  September. 
Serg.  Sergeant. 
Servt  Servant. 
S.  L.  South  Latitude. 
St.  Saint ;  or.  Street. 
S.  W.  South  West 
Tenn.  Tennessee. 
Tex.  Te.xas. 
Thess.  Theasalonlana. 
Tho.  Thomas, 
ult.  The  last  (month). 
U.  S.  United  States. 
Va.  Virginia, 
via.  By  way  of. 
viz.  To  wit,  namely. 
Vol.  Volume. 
Vt.  Vermont. 
W.  West. 
W.  I.  West  Indies. 
Wis.  Wisconsin. 
W.  L.  West  Longitude 
Wm.  William, 
wt  Weight 
yd.  Yard. 
&o.  Anlsofortlu 


166 


FOREIGN    WORDS    AND   EXPRESSIONS, 


FOREIGN  WORDS  AND  EXPRESSIONS. 


Abbrkvutioss.  —  L.  Latin  ;  F.  French ;  S.  Spanish  ;  I.  Italian. 


k  11  (ah-lah),  P.    After  the  manner  of. 
Ad  LiBiTCM,  L.     At  pleasure. 
Ad  valorbm,  L.    According  to  the  value. 
AiDE-DK-CAMP  (aiil-deh-kong'),  F. 

LIAS,  L.    Otherwise. 

LiBi,  L.     Elsewhere. 

LMA  MATER,  L.    A  benign  mother  ;  a  ani- 

versity. 
Amateur  (ah-ioah-ter'),  P. 
Ajtno  mcsdi,  lu    In  the  year  of  the  world. 
AxGLi-CE,  L.     In  English. 
Aqca  FORTrs,  L.    Literally,  strong  water; 

nitric  acid. 
AttachA  (at-tash-ay'),  P. 
Auto  da  fk  (au-to-da-faO,  8.    Act  of  faith. 

Baratellb  (bag-a-telO,  P. 

Barocchb  (ba-roo^hO,  P. 

Ballkt  (bal-layO,  F. 

Beau  monde  (bo  mond),  F.    The  gay  world. 

Beaux  esprits  (boz-es-pree'),  F.  Persona  of 
wit. 

Belle  (bcl),  F.     A  fine  lady. 

Bkllks  lettres  (beUletr'),  P.  Polite  liter- 
ature. 

Bijoo  (be-joo'),  F.    A  jewel. 

Billet  docx  (bil-la-doo'),  F.    A  love-letter. 

Bos  jour  (bong  joqr),  F.     Good-day. 

Bon'  .mot  (bong  moj,  P.    A  witty  remark. 

Bo.v  vivA.NT  (bong  ve-vong').     An  epicure. 

Bo.VA  FIDE  (bo'na  fi'de),  L.    In  good  faith. 

Bocdoir  (boo-dwahr'),  P.    A  small  room. 

Bouquet  (boo-ka'),  F- 

Cabriolet  (kab-ri-o-la'),  P. 

Cacoktuks  scRiRENDi,  L.  The  itch  of  Writing. 

Canaille,  F.    The  rabble. 

Gapias,  L.    a  law-term  ;  you  may  take. 

Cartoucii  (car-toosh'),  F. 

CiiAPERO.v  (shap-c-rong'),  P. 

Chateau  (shat-to'),  F. 

Chef  d'osuvrk  (shay-dehrvr^)  P.  A  master- 
piece. 

Chkvaux  dk  frise  (shev-o-deh-freez'),  P.  A 
spiked  fence. 

Cicerone  (Che-cha-ro'ne),  I.  A  guide  show- 
ing works  of  art. 

Ci-DEVAXT  (see-(leh-vang'),  P.    Formerly. 

Clique  (cleek),  F.    A  party. 

OoMME  iL  FAUT  (kom-il-fo'),  P.  As  it  ought 
to  be. 

Compos  MKSTrs,  L,    Of  sound  mind. 

Connoisseur  (ki)n-a-ser'),  F.  A  skillful  judge. 

Contretemps  (kon-tr-tong),  F.  An  unsea- 
sonable mishap. 

Con  amork  (kon  a-mo're\  L    With  sest 

CONOB  (kon-jay''),  F.     Leave. 

CuNVKRSAzio.NB  (sat-zc-o'ny),  I.  A  social 
discussion. 

CoRTicB  (kor  tazhO,  P.    An  escort 

OoRSuc(»pi.«,  L.    Horn  of  plenty. 

'J'.up  D'fcTAT    (koOHla-tah'),    P.    A 
stroke  in  poUtici. 


Corp  DB  GRACB  (koo-deh-grass),  P.    The  fln« 

ishing  blow. 
Coup  db  main  (koo-deh-mangO,  P-   A  takii^ 

by  surprise. 
Coup  d'»eil  (koo  dehl),  P.    A  glance  of  tbfl 

eye  ;  a  hasty  view. 
CcRREN'TK  CALAMo,  L.  With  anumingpea 
CusTOS,  L.     A  keeper. 

Dagtterreottpe     (da-ger'o-type),     P.      8o 

called  from  Daguerre,  one  of  the  inventors. 
Data,  L.    Things  granted. 
Debris  (deh-bree'),  F.    Broken  remnants. 
Debut  (da-bu),  F. 
Denouement  (da-noo-mongO,  P.     Tte  an 

raveling  of  a  plot. 
De  facto,  L.    In  fact 
De  novo,  L.    Anew. 
De  profundis,  L.    Out  of  the  depths. 
De  trop  (de-tro'),  P.  Too  much,  or  too  many 
Dernier    ressort    (dairn-yair-res-sor'),    P 

Last  resort. 
Devoirs  (dev-waurzO,  P.    Duties. 
DiEU  et  mon  droit  (Dieu-a-mong-drwauO,  ] 

God  and  my  right. 
Dishabille  (dis-ah-been,  R    An  undress. 
Donna,  I.     A  lady  of  rank. 
Double     entendre     (doobl-ontongdr),    P. 

Double  meaning. 
Douceur  (doo-ser'),  P.  A  small  gift,  or  bribe. 
Dramatis  pbrson.«,  L.  Persons  of  the  drama. 

E  pluribus  cnum,  L.    One  of  many. 
Eau  de  vie  (o-deh-veO,  F.     Bnindy. 
EccE  WO.MO,  L.     Behold  the  man. 
Eclaircisskmext  (ek-lair-cis-mongX   P.    A 

clearing  up,  or  explanation. 
Eclat  (a-klah'),  F.    Splendor,  appl.ause. 
Elite  (ai-leef),  F.     Choice,  select  society. 
Elbvb  (el-ave'),  F.    A  pupil. 
Encore  (ahn-koreO,  F-     Again. 
En  .massk  (ahn  mass),  F.     In  a  mass. 
Enno  (ahn-wec),  F.     Weariness. 
Entriib  (ahn-tra'),  F.    Entrance. 
Entrs  nous  (ahntr-nooO,  P.    Between  or 

confidentially. 
Entrepot  ^hn-tr-po'),  P.    Depot  for  goodi 
Ergo,  L.    Therefore. 
Espionage  (es-pe-o-nazh'),  P. 
Esto  perpetua,  L.     May  it  l>e  perpetual. 
Esprit  de  corps  (es-pre-deh-kor'),  P.    TIm 

spirit  of  a  body  of  men. 
Etiquette  (et-e-kef ),  F. 
Et  c.ktera,  L.    An<l  so  forth. 
Exit,  L.    He  goes  off 

EX'E-UNT  OMNKS,  L.      .\11  gO  off. 

Exempli  grai  ia,  L    F'jr  the  sake  ofezamplki 

Ex  cathedra.  L.     From  the  chair. 

Ex  CURIA,  L.    Out  of  court. 

Ex  OFFICIO,  L.     By  virtue  of  office. 

Ex  par'tr,  L.     On  one  side  ;  on  the  part  cC 

KxPOttK  (ex-po-zu'),  F.     An  exposition. 

£z  Tairpo-BB,  L.  On  the  spur  of  the  I 


FOEEiaN   WORDS   AND    EXPRESSIONS. 


167 


Faoadk  (fa-WiahdO,  F-  Front  view  or  ele- 
vation of  a  building. 

Vac  sim'i-lb,  L.    An  exact  copy. 

Fa^jile  PRISCEP3  (fas'si-le),  L.  Cleat  y  the 
,     first  -,  the  acknowledged  chief. 

Ibtk  champetrk  (fate  shawng-patrO,  F.  A 
rural  festival. 

Felo  db  se,  L.    Self-murder. 

Fiat,  L.    Let  it  be  done. 

Fi-na'le,  I.    The  concluding  piece  in  music. 

Gess  d'armes  (zhawng  d'arpn),  F.    Armed 

guards  belonging  to  the  police. 
3O0T  (goo),  F.     Taste. 
Gratis,  L.     For  nothing. 
Guillotine  (gil-lo-teenO,  F. 

n  A 'BE- AS  CORPUS,  L.  You  may  hare  the 
body.  A  writ  for  delivering  a  person  from 
false  imprisonment. 

nACTEUR  (ho-ter'),  F.    Haughtiness. 

Hi-a'tcs,  L.     a  gap. 

IIoRS  DE  COMBAT  (hor-dch-koDg-bah).  F. 
Disabled. 

£bidem,  L.    In  the  same  place. 

Idem,  L.    The  same. 

Id  EST,  L.    That  is. 

Ignis  fatcus,  L.    Wild  fire  •,  will  o'  the  wisp. 

Ignoramus,  L.    An  uninformed  blockhead. 

Lmpromptd,  L.    On  the  spur  of  the  moment. 

Imprimatur,  L.     Let  it  be  printed. 

Imprimis,  L.     In  the  first  place. 

Im-pro-vis'a-to're,  I.     An  impromptu  poet. 

In  propria  persona,  L.    In  person. 

In  extenso,  L.    In  full. 

In'  extremis,  L.     In  one's  last  moments. 

In  medias  res,  L.     Into  the  midst  of  affairs. 

In  statu  quo,  L.    In  its  former  state. 

In  toto,  L.     Wholly,  entirely. 

In  transitu,  L.    On  the  passage. 

Incognito,  I.    In  disguise. 

Instanter,  L.    Quickly,  earnestly. 

Ipse  dixit,  L.     He  himself  has  said  it. 

Ipso  facto,  L.    By  the  act  itself. 

Item,  L.    Likewise,  also. 

Je  nb  sais  quoi  (zheh-neh-sa-kwaw),  F.    I 

know  not  what. 
Jku  :)'bsprit  (zheh-des-preeO,  F.    Play  of 

wit 
Jkt  d'eau  (zha-doO,  F.    Play  of  water. 
Ju'23  nivi'NO,  L.    By  divine  law. 

Lapsus  lingu.e,  L.    A  slip  of  the  tongue 

Laus  Deo,  L.     Praise  to  God. 

Lex  talionis,  L.    The  law  of  retaliation. 

Lieutenant  (lef-ten'ant),  F. 

Licet,  L.    It  is  allowed. 

Literati,  L.     Literary  men. 

Locum  tenens,  L.    A  proxy  ;  a  substitute. 

Lusrs  NATUR.E,  L.    A  freak  of  nature. 

Madame  (ma-damO,  F.    A  married  lady. 
Mademoiselle    (ma-Jem-wah-zel),    F.      A 

young  unmarried  lady. 
Mag'na  Cear'ta,  L.    The  great  charter. 
Maitrb  d'hotbl  (maytr-do-tel'),  F.  Steward. 
Usmento   i<OBif   L.     Remember  that  you 

muaidie. 


Memoir  (mem'war),  F. 

Memorabilia,  L.    Memorable  things. 

Menagerie  (men-azh'e-re),  F. 

Messieurs  (mes-se-er'),  F.    Gentlemen. 

Me'um  et  tuum,  L.    Mine  and  thine. 

MiGNOSifTTE  (min-yon-ef),  F. 

MiNUTi^:  (mi-nu'she),  L. 

Modus  op-erandi,  L.  The  mode  of  cperatio« 

MoRCEAU  (mor-so'X  F. 

MuLTUM  IN  PARVo,  L.    Much  in  a  little. 

Naivetb  (nah-eev-tayO,  F,    Simplicity 

Ne  plus  ULTRA,  L.    The  farthest  limit  ot 

point ;  perfection. 
Nem'i-nb  contradicen'tb,  L.    No  one  cod- 

tradicting. 
Nolens  volens,  L.    Willing  or  unwilling. 

NOM  DE  GUERRE,  F.  )    .  „  „„=„.v,o,1  r>o,v.o 
NOM  DE  PLUME,  F.    j  ^°  ^^^"'"^'^  °*'°^- 

NoN  COMPOS  MENTIS,  L.  Notof  3  souud  mind. 
Nol'le  PROSEQUI,  L.    Unwilling  to  proceed. 
Nonchalance  (non-sha-lan8')i  F. 
Nota  be'nb,  L.'  Mark  well. 

Obiit,  L.    He  or  she  died. 
Omnibus,  L.    For  all. 
On  dit  (ong  de),  F.    People  say 
Ora  PRO  nobis,  L.    Pray  for  ua. 
Outre  (oo-tray'),  F.    Exaggerated. 

Passim,  L.    Everywhere. 

Peccavi,  L.    I  have  sinned. 

Penchant  (pahn-shahng'),  F.    Inclination. 

Perdu  (pair-du'),  F.    Lost. 

Pinxit,  L.     lie  or  she  painted  it. 

Plateau  (plat-to'),  F.    Arable  land. 

PoRTE-MONNAiE  (port-mon-ay'),  F.    A  flat 

money-purse. 
Portmanteau  (port-man'to),  F. 
Pos'sE   comitatus,  L.     The  power  of  the 

county  ;  an  armed  body. 
Post  meridiem,  L.    Afternoon. 
Post  mor'tem,  L.    After  death. 
Prima  facie,  L.    From  the  first  view  ;  self 

evident. 
Pro  bono  publico,  L.    For  the  public  good- 
Pro  hac  vi'ce,  L.    For  this  time. 
Pro  et  con,  i.  e.,  pro  et  contra,  L.    Fm 

and  against. 
Pro  tem'po-be,  L.    For  the  time. 

Quantum  suf'ficit,  L.    As  much  as  is  sof 

ficient. 
Qui  VIVE  (ke  veev),  F.    Who 's  there  ? 
Quid  nunc,  L.    What  now  ?    A  news  seeker 
Quid  pro  quo,  L.    What  for  what ;  tit  for  tat 
Quod  erat  demonstrandum,  L.    Which  waa 

to  be  demonstrated. 
Quondam,  L.    Formerly. 

Ragout  (ra-gooO,  F.    Stewed  meat. 
Rendezvous  (rahn-day-voo'),  F.    The  plaoe 

of  meeting. 
Requiesoat  in  pa'ce  (rek-we-es'sat),  L    Maj 

he  or  she  rest  in  peace. 
Reservoir  (rez-er-vwor'),  F. 
Rbscrgam,  L.     I  shall  rise. 
RivEiLLK  (re-vale'ye),  F.    An  alarm. 
HocGK  froozh),  F.    Bet*  cclor. 


168 


FOREIGN    WORDS   AND   EXPRESSIONS. 


Bivs  (sahngr),  F.    TTlthoaL 

Basu  froid  (sang  frwor),  P.  Cold-blooded- 
ness. 

Bci'bk  facias,  L.     Cause  it  to  be  known. 

SccLPSiT,  L.     He  or  she  enpraved  it. 

Skclxi)i:m  artkm,  L.    According  tcf  art. 

Sic  SKMpKR  tyras.nis,  L.  So  may  it  always 
be  with  tyrants. 

Si'XK  Di'K,  L.    Without  day. 

Bi'.VK  QCA  KON,  L.    Indisi)ensable  condition. 

Sobriquet  (sob-re-ka'),  F.    Nickname. 

Soi-DiSAST  (swor-de-sahngO,  F.    Self-styled. 

SoiRKK  (swor-ra'),  F.    Evening  party. 

Status  qco,  L.    The  same  state  as  before. 

Bci  GENERIS,  L.    Of  a  peculiar  kind. 

SuMMUM  BO.NXM,  L.    The  chief  good. 

BcKSUM  COKOA,  L.    Raise  hearts  to  God. 

Tableau  (tab-lo'),  F.    A  picture. 

Tapis  (tah-i>e'),  F.    A  carpet. 

Tk  Db'cm   LACDAMC8,  L.    The  first  words 

of  a  Latin  hymn,  "We  praise  thee,  O 

Ood'» 
TxasA  nsMA.  H    Finn  eaurtli 


Tktk-a-tetk  (tait-ah  tait),  F.  Head  to  head 

a  private  conversation. 
TocT  K.vsKMBL'k  (too-tahn-sahn-blX  F.    Iba 
whole  uken  together. 

Ta'or  meccm,  L.    Go  with  me  ;  a  constan 

companion. 
Va'le,  L.     Farewell. 
Verbatim  kt  litkrathi,  L.    Word  for  word 

and  letter  for  letter. 
Yalkt  dk  Cuambre  (ral-a-deh-ehambr'),  F. 

A  footman. 
Vaudeville  (vodevil),  P. 
Via,  L.    lly  way  of. 
Vi'CK  VERSA,  L.    The  opposite  way. 
Vi'DK,  L.    See. 
Vignettb  (vin-yetO,  F. 
Vis-l-vis  (vecz-ah-veeO,  L.    Opposite. 
Vi  bt  ARMI3,  L.    By  force  and  arms. 
Vis  ISKRTIA-,  L.    The  force  of  indolence. 
Viva  vo'cb,  L.    By  the  living  voice. 
VivAT,  L.    A  shout  of  "  Long  live,"  &0. 
Vox  popuu  vox  Dk'i,  L.    Tho  voice  of  thi 

people  la  the  voice  of  God 


RETURN   EDUCATION-PSYCHOLOGY  LIBRARY 


TO-^   26001 

"olman  Hall 

642-4209 

LOAN  PERIOD  1 
"    1  MONTH 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

ALL  BOOKS  MAY  BE  RECALLED  AFTER  7  DAYS 

2-  hour  books  must  be  renewed  in  person 

Return  to  desk  fronn  which  borrowed 


DUE  AS  STAMPED  BELOW 

APRll  1983 

PFPTi    Ivi/iV     ^   1 

if)    ^h          ! 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA,  BERKELEY 
FORAANO.  DDIO,  10m,  11/78       BERKELEY,  CA  94720 


1 


YB  36568 


M289296  c^  I 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


DP    "THE    STANDARD    >     " 


'     E  T  C  . 

^'  ri^a  used  in 


SargcnVx  Stavdard  Series  of  Readers  is  nq 
the  Eas.ura  Stales,  and  in  most  of 
of  i-e  Unum,  and  com j 

Tho  Standaxl  Fifth  Reade^.    12mo,  480  pages. 

The  Standard  Fmirth.  depier.    ""^         "6  pages. 

The  Standard  Third  K'5C  r  3r.  u  mges. 

The  Standard  Second  Header.    lOiuo,  2i'j  page*    >»aa   'uta. 

The  Standard  Fi  -^t- Hea  ier.    lOmo,  120  pages    witi,  r,,i«. 

The  Standard  ?i  imc\    lOmo,  72  pi^cs.    Wii. 

The  Stanie-    Spdle::.    l2mo,  1C8  jii^^e?.    (u  .m.) 

Saii^en.  ?  En-  iL^r  Speller,    iGmo,  72  pages. 

SPT^Snt's  £  X  School  Charts.     For  teacLing  rt.iding,  &e.,  to  classes 

To    be   hung  on  the  walls    of  Primn-''  s;    ..  .i^      is.;,.f..,i  +•,.,>, 
•argo  :i.-.<l  very  beautiful  type. 
)ie  a^i'Ve  Bo^  a^^d  thorough  Series  of  Schooi-booK.^  nave  tik'T,  y,\x\\   tin- 
r*   eflen'..)d  s  ■'  .""^s  ;  wore  than  two  mil i ions  o.    copies  liaving  already 
i   to  so     <   ■<.     Their  points  of  STtperiuit}' r  re  :  —  1.   The  appropri- 
.'(      ■!  a  eter  »e  reading  matter,   and  the  g  eat  care  OTident  in  the 

.  .'}..iira^'on. — ki.   The  drilling  exercises  and  th    3iin':)»e  system  of  reter- 
t  aces,  b}  which  u  curacy  in  pronimciation  is  3ejured  --'"',  The  Explana- 
rhHitficnlt  words  are  ex].lai.'    i,  »tk1  h    i«te  for  etiTiiol- 
'ty    in   the  iin    ni'   tlu- 

"'S  ;   ca   '.  •.'  11  y;  .  .adietl, 

,  h   les^  m       -^.    >  ..  ■    ■■     *' 

i"".   etc..  a7 


tory  Inde-^,    y 

ogy  is   i 

several  ' 

-arl'ld    tho    iii'i'ii  V    111       .( 

niech'»nical  exL\nti(M,  p; 


.    'n  the 

.aK.•^ificati^. .      „  ,  ..i 

'ipiovementa  in  iustructioi 


the -^^  od-ci  ts  --0,  In  I. -J  J,  --  a  8c'ent,iic 
Dii'*atiou  Exei-cises,  combining  all  the  ii.ode:u  i 
in  thir^^-.-inch. 

'     '  '      '  Teacherp,  cor.  .nittees,  etc.,  wanting  speoi- 

ft',  si'ould  ad  Iress  ihe  Publi:iher,  who  will 
sciui  liK    t'l  I    -  I  y  iiiaiij  a-eo  of  cost,  whin    ';e  ;^-5f.vge  is  prepaid.     '' 
o^  postag'^  or.    he  di&rent  book.i  are giN on  '     circulars,  for  which 


-Idl-o-- 


PUBLISHER, 

^  O  11  N    L.     '^     MVli  I::  Y\ 

WAyiiiNOTON  Street, 


.1  oy 


